m

mm

m


Highly condense
High oxygen concentration
More inorganic soil
Low concentration of carbon di oxide
Sparse vegetation
Sparse food
Low fertility
High transparency
Rocky to pebble bottom
High gradient
Fast water flow
   m

  


m 

ë River
ë Stream
ë Lake
ë spring
˜ ëhe water from river and stream posses a
problem of wide ranging fluctuation in
temperature (0-(0-25OC) and also carried silt
load..
load
˜ In the lake water of middle depth is
suitable but it requires a mechanical
device to lift the water.
˜ Water from the spring is considered more
suitable with little fluctuation in
(8.0-15.0OC) all the year
temperature (8.0-
around.
 
 




  

ëemperature (OC) 6-18 20
20--25
Suspended solids <25 <25
(ppm)
pH 7.4--8.4
7.4 7.4
7.4--8.4
Dissolved oxygen 8-12 6-10
(mg/l)
Water flow (litre/sec/ha)
Extensive culture 100 50
Semi intensive 200--300
200 100
100--150
culture
Intensive culture 300--500
300 150
150--250
 DESIGN OF COLD WAëER FISH
FARM
Based on flow through or running water system.
ëanks are generally brick line, cemented with RCC
flooring.
ëanks may be rectangular, hexagonal and even
circular in shape.
Depth of tanks should be <1.5 m.

 ! "

#$$
#
˜ Overhead tank with pumping facility,
˜ Flow through hatching trough and trays,
˜ Indoor or outdoor nursery tanks,
˜ Rearing pond ,
˜ Stock ponds.
 CULëURE OPERAëION
ëhe most important steps involved in culture of
cold water fishes are-
are-
 Care of brooders
 Induced breeding
 Fertilization
 Incubation and hatching
 Rearing of fry and fingerlings in nursery ponds
 Rearing of one year old fish in growing ponds
 m
 %m&
˜ Success of farming will depends on the quality of
brood fish stock available.

˜ Brood stock should be maintain by giving the

nutritive diet consisting wet & dry ingredients.

˜ Pellets are made with binder so that they do not

disintegrate quickly in water.

˜ ëhe rate of feeding will be strictly govern by

prevailing temperature.
ëhe rate of feed given to the brood stock per
day will decrease with the fall in temperature.
 'm%'()'(

˜ Itis carried out when fish is mature & fully

ripe.
˜ ëhe artificial act of obtaining the eggs from
female and sperm from male is called
##"*
˜ For stripping tub, mug, bucket, eggs
receptacles, 3% common salt solution (used
as prophylactic) are required.
 Method of stripping
˜ One
One--man method
˜ ëwo men method
˜ Incision method
˜ Australian method
Among them   is
most convenient.
 ëwo men method of stripping
˜ In this method one man holds the mature fish & other performs the egg-
egg-
taking operation.

˜ ëhe holder wears gloves in both hands and grasps the fish by the caudal
peduncle with one hand and pectoral fin with the other hand.

˜ ëhe holder then moves the fish over the dry egg-
egg-taking pan.

˜ With the fish held tail end down, so that the ripe eggs flow by gravity towards
the vent, the spawn taker , who sits at the opposite end, gently presses out
the eggs with the help of his thumb and fore-
fore-finger beginning to apply gentle
pressure, a little anterior to the vent.

˜ ëhe spawn taker's hand is then moved further anterior and gentle pressure
is continued to be applied as necessary to assist the natural release of eggs,
till all that oozes freely from the fish, is obtained.

˜ Pressure should not be applied anterior to the ventral fins, lest it injures the
heart & the liver of the fish
 continued
˜ Immediately after stripping the female, the
male is stripped of milt which is spread
over the eggs with the bird feather to
ensure sent% fertilization.
˜ After 5-5-10 minutes the excess of milt and
foreign particles are removed by repeated
washing with clean water.
˜ After cleaning operation eggs are allowed
to stand in small quantity of water till they
become hard to estimate the rate of
fertilization.
ë
ë


ë

 Estimation of fertilization rate
˜ Afterhardening, the eggs are taken & kept
in 5% glacial acetic acid for about 24 hrs.

˜ In this treatment nonviable eggs become

transparent and viable eggs become
translucent.
 ëransfer of eggs
˜ After fertilization eggs are ready to transfer in
hatching trough & trays.

""+--ëhese are made up of

""+
wood, cement, GI sheet, rein force plastic.

ëhe dimension of hatching troughs ranges between

200x33x10 cm and 400x90x60 cm in hatcheries of
Kashmir, Himanchal Pradesh, UP, ëamilnadu, and
Kerala.

ëhe size of hatching trays are adjusted according to

the size of trough.
MAHASEER HAëCHERY
 Site selection
˜ Should be at higher elevation to ensure sufficient flow of water.

˜ Safe from high flood zone.

˜ Water source should be of good quality and adequate in

quantity.

˜ Water supply should have-

have-
-moderate gradient
-uniform temperature
-gravity water supply

˜ Hatchery should be protected from direct sun light.

˜ Should have adequate neat & clean working place.

˜ Least human activities along its catchments area.

 WAëER SOURCE
˜ Source of water may be Brook or stream
having low silt content and organic
nutrient.
˜ Water should be free from pollutant and
other toxic substances.
˜ Spring water is the ideal.
˜ Oxygen content-
content- 7-9 mg/l
ëemperature--20
˜ ëemperature 20--25O C
 continued
˜ Water is passed through a desilting device before
fed to the hatchery.
˜ Distribution of water should be so regulated that
each unit (hatching trough, nursery tanks etc.)
have separate inlet to receive the required
quantity of fresh oxygenated water.

 ( 
m  'mm

˜ A flow through hatchery design and fabricated by National

Research Centre of Cold Water Fisheries (NRCCWF) rearing
of
of--
0.25million eggs,
0.2million swim up,
0.12--0.15million advanced fry
0.12 fry..
˜ Capacity can increased with installation of more trough, trays
& nursery facility with substantial increase in the water
quantity through overhead tank.
˜ ëhis hatchery is very useful to producing stocking materials of
golden Mahseer on large scale for ranching in natural water &
for raising under aquaculture program.
 
ë
ë
ë

 ( 
m  


m m''$
m''$
˜ ërough,
˜ ërays ,
˜ Nursery tanks,
˜ Fry tank,
˜ Other supporting facility.
,( $
˜ for rearing the eggs, larvae, & early fry.
˜ It may be different shape & size.
˜ Generally rectangular trough of 220cmx50cmx40cm size
are used.
˜ Each trough should have capacity to hold sufficient
water.
˜ Each trough should have separate inlet & outlet system.
i,
$$
i,

˜ Made up of fibre glass or wood.
˜ May be rectangular or square shape.
˜ Size is so adjusted that 4-
4-5 trays can be placed in each
trough.
˜ Bottom of each hatching tray is fitted with the synthetic
netting cloth ( mesh size 2mm) to ensure regular water
movement.
˜ Height of each trays ranges from 3- 3-4 inches.
˜ ëhe outside dimension of each trays are such that they can be
accommodated in series along the length of each trough.
˜ ëhe size of each tray (50x30x10cm) has capacity to hold
4000--5000 fertilized eggs.
4000
,'
'&$$
,'
'&
˜ Used for rearing the early fry to advanced fry of mahseer.
˜ Varies in shape and size.
˜ Should not be very deep.
˜ Suggested size of rectangular nursery tank can
be(2.0x0.75x0.60m) and circular tank (dia 2.2x0.75).
, '$$
, '
˜ Used for rearing advanced fry to fingerlings of mahseer.
˜ It is generally earthen ponds of (5.0x1.5x0.7m) size.
˜ Can also be constructed using stone, cement or fibre glass.
˜ Should have continuous water supply.
˜ Fry can be stock @1000nos./ma*
NURSERY
POND
, '(
m
$
'(
m
$
˜ Laboratory for monitoring & analysis of hatchery
operation.
˜ Store room for hatchery equipment etc.
 'm' (
'


˜ It is a indigenous fish, available in the uplands of Indian

subcontinent all along the Himalayan belt.

˜ It is commonly known as golden putitor or Himalayan

mahseer.

˜ It is known as a migratory fish running upstream in the

main river for spawning.

˜ ëhe fish is seem to avoid very cold water (70c).

˜ Himalayan mahseer basically herbivorous preferring to

feed on small organisms. ëhe juveniles being voracious
feeder mainly feed on planktonic algae, crustaceans &
insect.
˜ Based on the study of gonads of ë


, Khan (1939) came to conclusion

,
that, this species breeds in the north-
north-
western Himalayas three times-
times-
ë In the winter months of Jan and Feb
ë In the summer months of May and June
ë In the monsoon months of July to Oct
˜ In Kumaon lakes, mahseer was observed
to breed at the commencement of
monsoons.
˜ Male attain maturity at 2+year (250mm
size), while female at 3+year (300mm
size).
 ' m
' 




' 

 
(
'

MAëURE FEMALE
˜ Dull coloration.
˜ Bulging belly.
˜ Feeling the softness of abdomen.
˜ Pink coloration of vent.
˜ Gravidness (by applying a slight pressure on the belly to
confirm free release of eggs.)

MAëURE MALE
˜ Bright color.
˜ ëhicker and protruded lips.
˜ Jet flow of milt when gentle pressure is applied near the vent.
m

m' 
')%m&

˜ From stream, lakes, reservoirs.

˜ Gill nets are fixed in the deep lake and
reservoirs during the spawning season.
˜ Released carefully to avoid any damage.
˜ Male and female are kept in separate container
or tanks before spawning.
˜ After stripping spawners should be released
back into pond after giving prophylactic
treatment of KMnO4 @ 5%.
SëRIPPING OPERAëION
 
-
' ((
˜ One tea spoon milt is sufficient to fertilized large quantity
of eggs squeezed from 2- 2-3 female.
˜ Mixing of small quantity of water with two sex products
ensure complete fertilization.
˜ Do not allow the direct sun light.
˜ Eggs should not be disturbed.
˜ After sometime through repeated washing excessive milt
& extra numerous materials are wash out.
˜ ëhen eggs are kept in water for hardening process for
about 30-
30- 45 minutes.
˜ Size of fertilized eggs --3.5
--3.5 - 4.0mm
˜ Rate of fertilization is estimated by acetic acid method.
 (( 


˜ Colour- pale yellow to bright orange

Colour-
˜ Diameter
Diameter--2.5
2.5--3.5 mm
˜ Nature
Nature--Adhesive (newly stripped eggs)
˜ Fecundity (nos. of eggs/kg body wt)-
wt)-3000
3000--
6000 eggs/burst
 
' m
' ((
˜ ëo maintain a proper record of total number of eggs stripped,
fertilized in a hatchery.
˜ For assessment of overall survival at different developmental
stages.

!.!$$
!.!
1.Volumetric
-Measure by volume in eggs/ml.
-Ranges between 30
30--35 eggs/ ml by volume.
2. Gravimetric
- measure by weight in eggs/g.
-Ranges between 60
60--100 eggs/g by wt.
 'm%
' ((
˜ ëhe fertilized eggs are incubated in a system
having ±
-continuous supply of fresh & clean water.
-sufficient O2 content (7.5-
(7.5-9.0 mg/l).
-free from silt and other materials.
(20--25OC).
-water temperature (20

i#$
i#$
-80 20--25O C temperature.
80--96 hrs or 4 days at 20
-10
10--12 days for complete absorption of yolk sac.
 i$$.!."
i
!!!

FISH WAëER SëOCKING ëEMP.(0C)

SëAGES FLOW(L/min) DENSIëY
Incubation of 1.5-
1.5-2.0 5000
5000-- 20--25
20
Fertilized 10,000
eggs
Swim up fry & 2.0
2.0--3.0 3000
3000--5000 25
25--27
early fry
Fry & 3.0--5.0
3.0 1000
1000--3000 25
25--30
advanced fry
 INëRODUCëION OF ëROUë IN INDIA
%'


 
 m '



 1911--1912
1911 KASHMIR ESëABLISHED

& 1911--1912
1911 KASHMIR ESëABLISHED

' 1863--1873
1863 ENGLAND FAILURE
 
'%


 
 m '



 1919 KASHMIR ESëABLISHED
 1922 NORWAY ESëABLISHED
&
  1904 ENGLAND ESëABLISHED
& 1976 HP ESëABLISHED
 %&


 
 m '



&
  1969 CANADA FAILURE
 
''

˜ Arunanchal Pradesh-- Nurnahg, Shergaon,
Pradesh
˜ Himanchal Pradesh-
Pradesh- Barot, Chirgaon, Sangla,
Mahili, Patlicuhl
˜ Jammu & Kashmir-
Kashmir- Achhabal, Harwan,
Harwan,
Kokernag, Laribal, Papchan, ëricker
˜ Kerala
Kerala-- Raja Mallay, Irabikolam
 
''

˜ Meghalay
Meghalay-- Shillong
˜ Nagaland
Nagaland-- Kohima
˜ Sikkim
Sikkim-- Gangtok
ëamilnadu-- Avalanche
˜ ëamilnadu
˜ Uttarakhand
Uttarakhand-- Bairangna ,Chirapani, Kaldhyani,
Kaldhyani,
ëalwari
 %"!
˜ Brown trout & Rain Bow trout are carnivorous,
site feeder & voracious feeder.
˜ Fecundity-- 2000 eggs/kg body wt.
Fecundity

˜ %"$
%"$
-  '/$
'/$01% ,
-
  i$
 i$1i ,

˜ ëhe rainbow trout have-

have- wider thermal tolerance,
shorter incubation period, more resistance to
disease, grow faster in comparison to brown
trout.
 m

˜ For sport fishing
˜ For food

Culture involves following steps-

steps-
Egg--taking from healthy brood fish
Egg
Incubation of the eggs
Rearing of young fry in nursery ponds
Raising of fingerlings in growing ponds
Producing yearlings in raceways, circular ponds
 + ##
˜ Moderate rain fall.
˜ Moderate gradient.
˜ Moderate foliage cover.
˜ Moderate but uniform temperature.
˜ Adequate limestone and other minerals deposits.
˜ Absence of grazing, logging, mining similar activity on
water shed.
˜ Provision of under ground pipe line in the hatchery to
minimize temperature change.
˜ Covering of water supply channels to prevent surface
contamination.
 
m
˜ Acceptable source of water supply for a
trout farm are-
are-
ë Spring
ë Streams
ë River
ë Lakes
Water supply from springs is considered
ideal for a trout farm.
 
 


˜ ëEMPERAëURE

ë range- 6-18OC
Normally optimum range-
ë For developing eggs & swim- fry-- 10OC
swim-up fry
ë For fingerlings & big fishes-
fishes-
15--170C (optimum)
15
10--21OC (tolerable)
10

˜ SUSPENDED SOLIDS
ë Should be <25 ppm.
ë Concentration of 100 ppm and above, chokes the gills of trout
fry & fingerlings.
ë ëurbidity of around 25 ppm hamper normal development of
trout eggs, delay their hatching & cause deformities in the
hatched out fry.
pH
˜ Normal range-
range- 6.7 to 8.2
˜ At >9.0 Ph, found that mortality among eggs and
alevins of trout.

Dissolved oxygen
˜ Optimum range - 8-12 ppm
˜ Lethal range - 3ppm
˜ Lowest safe level - 5 ppm
 FREE CARBON DI OXIDE
ë Optimum level-
level-2ppm
ë Stream fed water-
water-0.7
0.7--1.8 ppm
ë Spring water-
water- 2.3
2.3--2.8 ppm

ëOëAL ALKALINIëY
ë In stream fed trout farm-
farm- 79-
79-90 ppm
ë In spring fed hatcheries-
hatcheries-86
86--112 ppm
ë Above 100 ppm-
ppm- high biological productivity
 m
 %m&
˜ Before 2--3 months of breeding season
2
male & female fish are kept in separate
pools.
˜ Give nutritious diet e.g.. fish meal or
partially boiled meat & barley flour in the
ratio of 1:20.
 ' m
' 

+ 



 %  i 

 !  !

%#
# +  '
"i" #
 #

+
 2 34
 2 
 2 3
 2 
3# 3 3
 2 !

% # #i # #

"!   
 ! i i
"i"


( i # i #

##
 
''(
'! !# "
%  i 
Chirgaon (HP) Mid Nov
Nov--Mid Dec End Feb ±Mid March

Sangla(HP) Mid Nov

Nov-- Mid Dec ---------
Barot(HP) End Dec
Dec--mid Jan Mid Feb ± End Feb
Laribal(J & K) Dec ± Jan Jan
Jan-- Feb
Achhabal(J & K) Dec ± Jan -----------
Kaldhyani(UK) Dec ± Jan -----------

Avalanch(ëN) ------------ Sept - Feb

Rajamalay(Kerala) ------------- Sept

 ((
&'('(
˜ Operation should be quicker.
˜ ëhe egg taking operation can be greatly speeded if
the working condition are reasonably comfortable &
facilities for stripping are prearranged.
˜ Brood fish should available at the spot of stripping.
˜ ëubs, buckets, mugs etc. are kept ready for
temporary holding the brood fish.
˜ ëhe egg receptacles, bird feather (quill), cover for
receptacles and 3% salt solution to serve as
prophylactic for stripped fish are kept ready
 !
"##$
 5!""
˜ After taking the eggs & milt in the spawning pan, sex
products are mixed with the help of quill.
˜ Because of the sensitivity of trout eggs to light, it is
advisable to use dark & black colored spawning pan.
˜ Egg taking pans of earthen, enamel & plastic material
are used.
˜ ëo ensure a high rate of fertilization, sufficient quantity
of milt has to be spread over the eggs in the pan.
˜ One tea spoon milt is sufficient to fertilize eggs from two
female (450 g) yielding about 1,300 eggs.
˜ Newly taken eggs are
slightly adhesive.
˜ About 5- 5-10 minutes after
mixing the two sex
product, foreign particles if
present are removed and
excess milt poured off by
repeated washing.
washing.
˜ A small quantity of water
is added to the pan to
keep the eggs submerged
for hardening.
˜ Harden eggs appear to
have a greenish tinge.
˜ Green eggs are ready to
be put in hatching boxes.
˜ ëo estimate the rate of
fertilization, acetic acid
method is used.
 !!""
˜ Volumetric method
˜ Gravimetric method
˜ Borrow¶s displacement method
˜ Van Bayer method
 'm%
' ((
˜ After the trout eggs are water hardened and
counted, they are transferred to a hatchery for
incubation.
˜ ëhere are several methods of incubating trout
eggs.
˜ For incubation we use-
use-
- Flat trays and trough
- ërout eggs incubators
- ëhe vibert system
- ëhe jar system
 /#!""
˜ ëhe rate of development depend s on
water temperature.
˜ ëhere are four major stages up to swim up
fry.
ë Green egg
ë Eyed egg
ë Sac fry or alevin
ë Swim
Swim--up fry
 'm%
'' '

'(

Species and their *1", 6*7$ 8*7m

6*7$ 8*7$$ 99*7m
8*7 99*7$$96*7m
99*7
developmental stage

I.P. (range) Days Days Days

%'
Green - eyed eggs 41--50
41 21
21--30 15
15--20
Eyed alevin 31--40
31 15
15--23 11
11--15
Alevin ± swim up fry 32--40
32 10
10--12 10
10--12
ëotalduration 104--140
104 46
46--65 36
36--46
'%&
Green - eyed eggs 29--35
29 - -
Eyed alevin 26--37
26 - -
Alevin ± swim up fry 30--32
30 - -

ëotalduration 85--104
85 - -


'%
Green - eyed eggs - 21
21--29 10
10--15

Eyed alevin - 20
20--27 8-12

Alevin ± swim up fry - 10

10--15 10
10--12

ëotalduration - 51
51--71 28
28--39
 m'' 
m 

˜ ërough & trays

˜ Nursery ponds
˜ Growing ponds & raceways
 "
˜ For the incubation of eggs.
˜ Made up of wood( painted with asphalt), PVC
(light blue colored), concrete, aluminum.
˜ Number of hatching trough varies according to
capacity of rearing.
˜ Size ranges between 200x33x10 cm and
400x90x60 cm.
˜ Size of hatching trays are adjusted according to
the size of the trough.
 ''
˜ For the rearing of fry.
˜ Size ± 3.0x1.0x0.75m to 10.0x1.0x0.75m.
˜ Inflow of water ranges between 20 and 30
gallons per minute.
˜ Materials of nurseries range from RCC to
stone walled ponds.
 ('('
m

˜ For rearing fingerlings.


m
$,

m
$
1.RECëANGULAR RACEWAY
˜ A raceway is usually an artificial water body of elongate shape.
˜ A raceway can be connected to a series of other raceways, the latter are the
drop level below the former
˜ An artificial raceway may be either entirely earthen or fully concrete or
partially, earthen pond may be covered with pebbles.
˜ Size range-
range- 10.0x1.0x1.0m and 15.0x1.0x1.0m
˜ Inflow of water ranges from 300-
300-400 litres/minutes.

2.CIRCULAR RACEWAY
˜ Concrete structure
˜ A circular raceway ranges in diameter from 4.0-
4.0- 11.0m and water depth of
0.75 to 1.0 m.
mm


m


Õ



 Õ 

Õ

Õ



m
'(


m


m 
'
'
˜ ërout egg during incubation, are prone to
several infections.
˜ Most common disease are white spot soft egg,
blue sac & §

 infection.
˜ Malachite green @ 5 mg/l are used for sanitation
of nursery ponds.
˜ Malachite green @ 5mg/l bath treatment for
swim--up fry for 30 minutes.
swim
˜ ëo avoid fungal spread, dead eggs must be
removed from the trays every morning.