IMD organization

• The dept. is headed by Director General of

Meteorology. There are a total of four junior
Additional Directors Generals at New Delhi and
one at Pune
• Additionally there are 20 DDGs, 10 of them
located in New Delhi
• There are six regional meteorological centres,
each under a DDG. These centres are Mumbai,
Chennai, New Delhi, Kolkatta, Nagpur and
Guahati. There are also sub units in each state
capitals
 IMD history
• After a tropical cyclone hit Calcutta in 1864, and
subsequent famines in 1866 and 1871 due to
the failure of the monsoons, it was decided to
set up meteorological organization under one
roof
• H.F. Blanford was appointed the first
meteorological reporter to the Govt. of India, in
1889 John Eliot was appointed the first DG of
observatories in Calcutta.
 IMD task
• It undertakes observations,
communications, forecasting and weather
services
• It exchange the global data
• In collaboration with ISRO, the IMD also
uses the INSAT for weather monitoring
• The IMD is also one of the six Regional
Specialized Meteorological Centers within
the World Weather Watch programme
 Storm warning signals
• Weather reports based on satellite
pictures and observations from other
vessels may contain storm warnings
• The meteorological deptt. sends warnings
by means of high priority telegrams to port
officers whose ports are likely to be
affected by adverse weather
 Storm warning signals
• The port officers display visual storm
signals on conspicuous masts specially
meant for this purpose
• The signals consists of black colored
cones and cylinders by day and red and
white lights by night
• The port officers also send words to
fishing vessels and country crafts in their
respective ports
 Storm warning signals
Number DAY NIGHT MEANING
SIGNAL SIGNAL
1

3
 Introduction to geography
• It is a science that studies the spatial
arrangement of things on the surface of
the earth resulting from a dynamic
interaction between human and nature
• Geography uses information provided by
various disciplines, all the way from
nuclear physics to ancient history
 Introduction to geography
• Geography means description of earth
• The term was first used by Eratosthenes,
has now acquired the status of science
that explains the arrangement of various
natural and cultural features on the earth
surface
• Geography is often called as mother of all
sciences
 Branches of geography
• Systematic geography- a study of specific
natural or social phenomenon that gives rise to
certain spatial patterns & structures on the earth
surfaces. It has four parts
– Physical geography- geomorphology (genetic study of
soil forms), climatology, hydrology, soil geography
– Biogeography- plant geography (distribution of
various forests and grasslands), zoogeography,
human ecology (study the changing human nature,
relationship and its consequences for human life and
living), environmental geography (quality of living
environment and its implications for human life)
 Branches of geography
• Human geography- study of location and
distribution of all such phenomenon fall
under the purview of human geography
• Geographic methods and techniques- field
studies, cartography, quantitative
geography, spatial information system
(GIS, GPS, LIS)
 GIS
• A geographic information system (GIS) is a system for
capturing, storing, analyzing and managing data and
associated attributes which are spatially referenced to
the earth. In the strictest sense, it is a computer system
capable of integrating, storing, editing, analyzing,
sharing, and displaying geographically referenced
information. In a more generic sense, GIS is a tool that
allows users to create interactive queries (user created
searches), analyze the spatial information, edit data,
maps, and present the results of all these operations.
 Regional geography
• It starts with spatial imprints of one or all the
systematic geographic processes discernable as
regions of different sizes
• Region could be based on a single factor like
relief, rainfall, vegetation, per capita income,
literacy and so on
• The main branches of regional geography are-
regional studies, regional analysis, regional
development and regional planning
 Parallel of latitude
• Latitude is angular distance of a place
from the equator
• Equator is an imaginary line drawn from
east to west on earth in such a way that all
the points of the line placed in middle of
the earth and divide it into two equal half
parts. The distance of the equator is same
from both the poles
 Parallel of latitude
• Parallel of latitude- any imaginary line
drawn on the earth with parallel equator.
These are tropic of cancer……..
• On the basis of these parallel of latitude
the world climate can be divided into three
 Meridian of longitude
• Imaginary lines drawn vertically joining North &
South poles together are called meridians of
longitude
• All meridians of longitude are of equal length
and they meet together at both the poles
• It begins from Greenwich where British Royal
Observatory is situated (the distance from east
and west is equal and it fall exactly at halfway
mark
 Meridian of longitude
• Any place would be denoted as 0E or 0W
depending upon it lies east or west from
premeridian
• For geographical location first determine
the grid of the place then determine the
position of place latitudinally and
longitudinally
 Shape and size of the earth
• Earth is a inner planet of solar system. It is
largest of inner planets and densest of all
• The shape of earth is not perfectly
spherical, it is an oblate or flattened,
spheroid or ellipsoid. It is flattened at the
poles and bulges some what south of the
equator
• The age of earth may range between 2- 5
billion
 Shape and size of the earth
• Equatorial circumference- 39843 km
• Polar circumference- 39746 km
• Polar diameter- 12639.84 km
• Equatorial diameter- 12754 km
• Mass- 598x 1027 g
• Time of rotation- 23 hr 56 min. 4.09 sec
• Period of revolution- 365 days 5 hr 48 min

45.51 sec
 Shape and size of the earth
• Inclination of the axis- 23027’
• Orbital velocity- 29.8 km/ sec
• Escape velocity- 11.2 km/sec
• Distance from sun-
(max.) Aphelion- 152 m km
(min.) Perihelion- 147 m km
 Earth’s movement
• Galactic movement- movement of earth in
relation to sun and rest of solar system.
Movement is in orbit around the centre of the
milky way. This has little effect on changing of
environment of earth
• Rotation- Earth rotation around an axis in
imaginary line passing through the centre of the
earth. Direction of rotation is eastward
anticlockwise opposite to the sun’s apparent
movement
 Earth’s movement
• Rotation defines the movements of the zone of
day and night on the earth’s surface and
circulatory movement of the atmosphere
• The velocity of atmosphere varies from place to
place (0 at poles and max. (1700 km/ hr) at
equator (at 600 latitude the velocity is half of
max.)
• The line separating the light and dark halves are
called as circle of illumination
 Revolution
• The earth revolve around the sun in an elliptical
orbit at an average distance of 1.49x 108 km in
orbital path. The distance varies from time to
time. During January 3, the sun is nearest and
on July 4 it is farthest to the earth
• Speed of revolution is 29.72 km/ sec. One
revolution takes 365 days 6 hrs
• The earth moves around the sun in plane of
elliptic
 Revolution
• The equator makes an angle of 23.50 with
the plane of elliptic
• The earth’s axis has a constant angle of
inclination with a plane of elliptic and it is
66.50.
 Equinoxes
• At two points mid way between the
solstices, a line from sun to earth is
perpendicular to the inclination of earth’s
axis
• At this point the sun shines equally in both
the hemisphere
• These are two; vernal and autumn
• On March 21, both the hemisphere are
equally inclined towards sun
 Equinoxes and solstices
• On September 23, both the hemisphere are
equally inclined towards the sun. The sun’s rays
are vertical at equator
• Solstices -These are places where the
inclination of earth is towards the sun. These
points are very near to perihelion and aphelion.
These are also of two types
• Winter solstices- the sun with respect to the
earth is farthest south occurs just before a few
days of perihelion (22 Dec.)
 Solstices
• Summer solstices- when the sun with
respect to earth is farthest in north, occurs
just before a few days of aphelion. At that
time the sun is directly overhead at noon
in latitude 23.5 0 north
 Eclipses
• It is caused by the fact that light travels in
a straight line producing clearly well
defined shadows of objects in its path.
These are of two types – lunar and solar
eclipses
• Lunar eclipse- when earth comes between
moon and sun and shut off the light of sun
from falling on the moon
 Solar eclipses
• Solar eclipses- when the moon comes
directly between sun and earth and
obstruct light from the sun falling upon
some portions of the earth & people in this
region can not see the sun
 Cartography
• Study of map is called as cartography
• Map is the graphic representation of all or
part of the earth surface on plane or flat
surface
• Lad surveys, aerial photograph and other
sources are used for making maps. Map
use standardized colour and symbols to
present the data
 Map
• Locating places in map- On the basis of
latitude & longitude by using direction, α
numeric grids are used to locate the
places in map. The direction can be shown
by compass needle. In topographic maps,
magnetic north is also shown. When true
north and magnetic north are coincide, the
map is set or oriented
 Map
• Bearing- The four main directions
indicated by magnetic compass . N,S,E
and West are cardinal points. Bearing is
the angle measured in degrees, clock wise
from the North to a direction line
• Latitude and longitude are also used to
represent the earth surfaces
 Map
• Map scale- It is used to draw a map on a
seat of paper or on atlas page. It must be
reduced or scaled down
• Scale is the ratio between distance on a
map & the corresponding true distance on
the ground. It can be expressed in three
way: verbal/ written, graphic and
representative fraction
 Map
• Verbal/ written statements tells about the scale
• Graphic- A horizontal line divided into section
that represent unit of measurement on the
ground in metric & imperial unit
• RF- It is the ratio which means one cm on map
represent how many cm on the ground; RF=
distance on map/ distance on the ground
 Map projections
• The earth can be most accurately represented
by globe (spherical scale model)
• It is impossible to show the earth's surface with
absolute accuracy on a plane or a flat surface
• It can be shown with relative accuracy by
transferring or projecting the curved lines of
latitude and longitude to the flat surface of map,
is known as map projection
 Map projections
• Map projections may be two type-
homolographic where area is shown in
correct proportion & conformal or
orthomorphic where shape is shown
accurately
• Both area and shape can not be shown
accurately in the same map but some
projections minimize these distortions
 Type of map projections
• Map projections are of five type
• Conical- the maps are constructed by
projecting a part of the globe on to a
cone . The parallel of latitude around
which the cone is tangent to the globe is
called the standard parallel. All parallels
are concentric circles and all meridians are
straight lines
Conical map projection
 Map projections
• Bonne- it is the modified conical projection. It
has only one standard parallel, but each parallel
is truly divided, therefore it is an equal area
projection
• Conical projection with two standard parallels-
An area of a country with a large land mass can
be represented more correctly with two standard
parallels and it is represented by a cone
bisecting the surface of the globe
Bonne map projection
Cylindrical map projection
 Map projections
• Cylindrical- constructed by projecting the
surface of the globe on to a cylinder. In
this the parallels and meridians intersect at
right angles at all latitude eg. Mercator
projection. It is true to scale only at the
equator and latitudes are further apart in
the higher latitudes. Wall maps and
atlases use mercator projection maps
Mercator map projection
 Map projections
• Azimuthal- constructed by directly placing
on to a flat surface, a particular point such
as south or north pole. All the meridians
are straight & parallels are concentric eg.
Lambert’s equal area projection
Lambert’s map projection