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Josephine E.
Paterson
 Biography
Retired in 1985 as a clinical nurse
specialist at the Northport Veterans
Administration Medical Center at
Northport, NY.
Graduated at Lenox Hill Hospital School
of Nursing and St. John’s University.
Received
master's
degree from
Johns Hopkins
School of
Hygiene and
Public Health,
Baltimore,
Maryland.
Boston University School of Nursing, Boston,
Massachusetts Specialized in mental and
psychiatric nursing.
Conceptualized and taught humanistic
nursing to graduate students, faculty, and
staff in a variety of settings.
Served on the faculty of the State
University of New York at Stony brook.
Loretta T. Zderad
Retired in 1985 as the Associate Chief for
Nursing Education at the Northport Veterans
Administration Medical Center, Northport, NY.
Graduated at St. Bernard's Hospital
School of Nursing and of Loyola
University.
Recieved her Master
of Science degree
from Catholic
University,
Washington DC
 Doctor of Philosophy
from Georgetown
University, Washington
DC.

She has taught in several

universities and has led
groups on humanistic
nursing.
Served as the faculty of the
State University of New
York at Stony brook.
 Definition of terms:
Humanistic nursing
-Nursing response to the humanistic movement in psychology
-Alternative to the two dominant psychological views of time.
*Freudian psychology
*Behavioral psychology

-Tries to take a broader view of the potential of human beings, trying to

understand them from the context of their experience of living in the world.

-Concerned with phenomenological experiences of individual, the

exploration of human experiences.

-Rooted in the existential thought

Existentialism
-a philosophical approach to understanding life.
-individual
- choices
-Determine the direction and meaning of one's life

-response to psychology of positivism and determinism

-Individuals needed to understand life.
-Choice

-each act we choose is significant and gives meaning to our

lives.
-error

-Emphasis on self determination, free choice and self responsibility

-Requires analysis of the human situation from the perspective of

individuals own experience
 Corey (1991)
1.) Having the capacity for self awareness
2.) having freedom and responsibility
3.) Striving to find their own identity while being in
relationship with others
4.) Being involve in a search for meaning in life.
5.) Having to experience anxiety or dread if they
are going to assume responsibility for their own
lives
6.) Being aware of the reality of death in order to
experience the significance of living.
 Phenomenology

- study of meaning of phenomenon to a

particular individual
 HUMANISTIC NURSING
"Humanistic nursing embraces more than a
benevolent technically competent subject-
object one-way relationship guided by nursing
behalf of another. Rather it dictates that
nursing is a responsible searching,
transactional relationship whose
meaningfulness demands conceptualization
founded on a nurse's existential awareness of
self and of other" (Paterson and Zderad, 2008)
 Humanistic
nursing theory is
multidimensional
(Kleiman, 2001)
 In humanistic nursing theory the components
identified as human are the patient ( can
refer to the person, family, community or
humanity); and the nurse
 Patients sends call for help person
receiving and recognizing is the nurse.
Nurse has made a decision and dedicated
themselves to helping others with their health
care needs
• Nurses and patient have their own concept
of wholeness.
• Nurse bring their whole self when helping
in patient treatment, (experience,
education, etc, to create a type of mosaic to
use with nursing interventions.)
• This theory accepts the likeness in our
difference in each other or our essence of
nursing
 "Man is an individual being necessarily
related to other men in time and space. As
every man is beholden to other men for his
birth and development, interdependence is
inherent in the human situations... Human
existence is coexistence."
• Matter of personal
survival
• It is a process of finding
meaning in life.
It is the nurturing response of
one person to another in time
of need that aims towers the
development of well-being and
more being
 Dialogue
• Meeting
• Relating
• Call and Response
 Meeting
• Coming together of
human beings
 Relating
• The process of nurse-nurse “doing” with each
other.

• 2 Types
– Subject-object
• How human use objects and others through abstractions,
conceptualizations, categorizing, labeling, etc.
– Subject-subject
• Two person open to each other as a fully human.
Presence
• The quality of being
open, receptive, ready
and available to
another person in a
reciprocal manner.
 Call and Response
• Transactional
• Sequential
• Simultaneous
 Community
• It is two or more person striving
together, living-dying all at once.
 Phenomenologic Nursology

-Develop by Paterson and Zderad

-methodology for understanding and describing nursing
situations
-assumes a perceived health need by an individual who is
involved in an interaction with a health care provider.
-Concerned with the nature of the facts and what they mean to
individual..
-describes phenomena but does not attempt to explain or predict
their occurrence.
 Paterson and
Zderad describe
five phases in their
study of nursing:
1.) Preparation of the nurse knower for coming
to know
2.) Nurse knowing the other intuitively
3.) Nurse knowing the other scientifically
4.) Nurse Complimentary Synthesizing Known
others
5.) Succession with the nurse from the many to
the paradoxical one.
Preparation of the nurse knower
for coming to know

-understanding own viewpoint/angle helps

make sense and aid in acquiring meaning of
experience

-By identifying own views they can be

withheld, so that they do not interfere with
one's attempts to describe the experiences of
another.
-By being open to new and different
ideas/understandings is a necessary of another

-Being open to new and different

ideas/understanding is a necessary position in
being able to get to know the other intuitively.
Nurse knowing the other intuitively

- "moving back and forth between the

impressions the nurse becomes aware of
herself and the recollected real experience
of the other" (Paterson and Zderad, 1976)

- dialogue back and forth between patient and

nurse allows for clearer understanding
further generalization in developing process
 Nurse knowing the other
scientifically

-Implies need for objectivity in coming to

know the other scientifically
-Reflective practice validates patterns and
themes
-"This is the time when the nurse mulls
over, analyses, sorts out, compares,
contrasts, relates, interprets, gives names
to and categories
 Nurse Complimentary Synthesizing
Known others

-The ability of the nurse to develop or see

themselves as a source of knowledge, to
continually develop the nursing
community through education, and
increased understanding of their owned
learned experiences.
Succession with the nurse from the
many to the paradoxical one.

-"Nurse comes up with a conception or

abstraction that is inclusive of and beyond
the multiplicities and contradictions“

- Process that allows reflection, correction

and expansion of own angular
interpretation
- Implies universal understanding from the
simplest to the most complex dialogue and
interactions between the nurse and
assimilates patient experience is the same as
before

-Coming together of patient and nurse

 Nursing Process
Step 1
-assessment
-collection of subjective and objective
data
- through observation, interaction,
and information from the other sources.
Step 2
-Diagnosing
-make a problem statement

Step 3
-planning and implementation
-nursing process describes a goal or
outcome to be reached by the client with steps
to accomplish toward the goal.
Step 4
-Evaluation
-Phase of nursing process is deciding
whether the client behavior has change as
measured by the goals and objectives.
 Paterson and
Zderad’s Work and
the Characteristic of
Theory
1.) Theories can interrelate concept
in such a way as to create a
different way of looking at a
particular phenomenon.
2.) Theories must be
logical in nature
3.) Theories should
be logical in
nature.
4.) Theories can be the bases for hypotheses
that can be tested or for theory to be
generated.
5.) Theories contribute to and
assist in increasing the
general body of knowledge
within the discipline through
the research implemented to
validate them.
6.) Theories can be used by
practitioners to guide and
improve their practice.
7.) Theories must be consistent with
other validated theories, laws, and
principles but will leave open
unanswered questions that need
investigation.