OVERVIEW OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

Artificial intelligence (AI)



Computers with the ability to mimic or duplicate the functions of the human brain

Artificial intelligence systems The branch of computer science concerned with making computers behave like humans. The term was coined in 1956 by John McCarthy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Intelligent behaviour
 Learn from experience.  Apply knowledge acquired from experience.  Handle complex situations.  Solve problems when important information is missing.  Determine what is important.  React quickly and correctly to a new situation.

MAJOR BRANCHES OF AI
y

y y

Perceptive system y A system that approximates the way a human sees, hears, and feels objects Vision system y Capture, store, and manipulate visual images and pictures Robotics y Mechanical and computer devices that perform tedious tasks with high precision Expert system y Stores knowledge and makes inferences Natural language processing y Computers understand and react to statements and commands made in a natural language, such as English.

Artificial Intelligence

OVERVIEW OF EXPERT SYSTEMS



Expert Systems are computer programs that are derived from a branch of computer science research called Artificial Intelligence (AI).

Expert system is a software that uses a knowledge base of human expertise for problem solving or clarifying uncertainties where one or more human experts would need to be consulted..

WHAT AN EXPERT SYSTEM

CAN DO:

Provide expertise that is expensive or rare Develop a solution faster than human experts can Provide expertise needed at a number of locations at the same time Provide a high potential payoff..

 PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF EXPERT SYSTEM

DIAGONISIS AND TROUBLE SHOOTING PLANNING AND SCHEDULING FINANCIAL DECISION MAKING PROCESS MONITORING AND CONTROL DESIGN AND MANUFACTURING

LIMITATIONS OF EXPERT SYSTEMS

Not widely used or tested Limited to relatively narrow problem Possibility of error Cannot refine own knowledge base Difficult to maintain May have high development costs Raise legal and ethical concerns

COMPONENTS OF AN EXPERT SYSTEM

KNOWLEDGE BASE

FORWARD ENGINE INFERENCE ENGINE RULE

FUZZY LOGIC

BACKWARD CHANING

COMPONENTS OF AN EXPERT SYSTEM

 Knowledge base:The knowledge base of expert systems contains both factual and
heuristic knowledge. Factual knowledge is that knowledge of the task domain that is widely shared, typically found in textbooks or and commonly agreed upon by those knowledgeable in the particular field. Heuristic Knowledge refers to experience-based techniques for problem solving, learning, and discovery . Examples of this method include an educated guess, an intuitive judgment, or common sense.

Inference Engine: The inference engine is the program that locates the appropriate
knowledge in the knowledge base and provides answers, predictions, and suggestions in the way a human expert would .

Rule : A conditional statement that links given conditions to actions or outcomes. Fuzzy Logic: Fuzzy logic, allow computers to determine the distinctions among data
with shades of gray, similar to the process of human reasoning. Example: The fuzzy car, manuvers itself by following simple verbal instructions from its driver.

COMPONENTS OF AN EXPERT SYSTEM

Forward chaining: In Forward chaining, the inference engine begins with the
information entered by the user and searches the rule base to arrive at a conclusion.The strategy is to carry out the action of the rule when a condition is true.

 Backward Chaining: When the conclusion is known (for example, a goal to be

achieved) but the path to that conclusion is not known, then reasoning backwards is called for, and the method is backward chaining.

PARTICIPANTS IN EXPERT SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT AND USE

Domain
y

expert user engineer

The individual or group whose expertise and knowledge is captured for use in an expert system The individual or group who uses and benefits from the expert system Someone trained or experienced in the design, development, implementation, and maintenance of an expert system

Knowledge
y

Knowledge
y

EXPERT SYSTEM

ADVANTAGES OF EXPERT SYSTEMS

Easy to develop and modify Faster adaptation to changing condition More efficient and education Development by knowledge engineers and users

APPLICATIONS OF EXPERT SYSTEMS AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

Credit granting

Plant layout Hospitals and medical facilities Help desks and assistance Employee performance evaluation Loan analysis Virus detection Repair and maintenance Shipping Marketing

THANK YOU