Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Espiridion R. Reyes, MD, FPOA Consultant, Dept. of Orthopaedics Davao Medical Center
Ancient Medieval to Early Modern 17th and 18th Century th Century 19 Modern Century
Ancient Anatomy
A.
Body organs recognized Blood vessels came from the heart Two to the right ear carry the breath of life Two to the left ear carry the breath of death
Treatise on the heart The heart is the meeting point of vessels which carried all fluids of the body eg. Blood, tears, urine, and sperm
Ancient Anatomy
B.
earliest medical scientist basic understanding of musculoskeletal structure relied on speculation rather than empirical observation
Ancient Anatomy
C. Galen Major Anatomist in 2nd century
wrote anatomic textbook for 1500 years based on drawings of dog anatomy assumed that anatomic structures in dogs were the same as humans
Church reprimands dissection of human cadavers Anatomist had to be certified: Royal Anatomist
Nicholas Tulp
Students have to travel to dissect fresh cadavers: Italy became center of anatomy
MR Columbus Gabriel Fallopio Giovanni Ingrassias
Tulp
19th Century
Human Anatomy is finalized and systematized Role of England Demands for cadavers grew so great that body snatching and murder were rampant
Anatomy act of 1832 was enacted to provide adequate and legitimate supply of corpses Birth of Grays Anatomy textbook
Modern Anatomy
Development of evolutionary and molecular biology More technological developments
MRI CTCT-SCANS
WHAT IS ANATOMY ?
Basic Clinical
WHAT IS ANATOMY ?
Structure
Function
Basic Anatomy
Clinical Anatomy
PLANES
BASIC STRUCTURES
Skin Fascia Blood Lymphatic System Serous Membranes Nervous System Mucous Membranes
Epidermis
The epidermis is the thin outer layer of the skin which consists of the following three parts:
stratum corneum (horny layer) This layer consists of fully mature keratinocytes which contain fibrous proteins (keratins). The outermost layer is continuously shed. The stratum corneum prevents the entry of most foreign substances as well as the loss of fluid from the body. keratinocytes (squamous cells) This layer, just beneath the stratum corneum, contains living keratinocytes (squamous cells), which mature and form the stratum corneum. basal layer
The basal layer is the deepest layer of the epidermis, containing basal cells. Basal cells continually divide, forming new keratinocytes, replacing the old ones that are shed from the skin's surface.
Dermis
The dermis is the middle layer of the skin. The dermis contains the following:
The dermis is held together by a protein called collagen, made by fibroblasts. This layer also contains pain and touch receptors
Subcutis
The subcutis is the deepest layer of skin. The subcutis, consisting of a network of collagen and fat cells, helps conserve the body's heat and protects the body from injury by acting as a "shock absorber."
LINES OF CLEAVAGE
SKIN CREASES
Langer Lines
SKIN APPENDAGES
Nails Hair Follicles
Sebaceous
Glands
Sweat
HAIRS
are distributed over whole surface of the body, EXCEPT:
Lips Palms of the hands Sides of the fingers Glans penis Clitoris, labia minora, & inner surface of labia majora Soles & sides of feet & toes
SWEAT GLANDS
found all over body surface, except:
red margins of lips nail beds glans penis & clitoris
acne
carbuncle
keloid
His name is Shridhar Chillal and he is the Guinness Book of World Records holder for the longest finger nails ever. How long? The longest nail on his left hand (the only hand he grew the nails on) was over 4 1/2 feet long before he cut it. He spent over 50 years growing them before he finally called it quits recently. At what price? How about a permanently disfigured left hand, constant pain in his wrist and shoulders from the added weight, and permanent widespread nerve damage from not using his left hand that has caused him to go completely deaf in his right ear.
SUPERFICIAL FASCIA
has no adipose tissues in the ff:
Eyelids Ear auricle Penis & scrotum clitoris
Basic Structure
Blood vessels
Artery Vein Capillary Arteriole Venule Sinusoid
Lymphatic vessels
Lymphatic Tissues
Thymus Lymph nodes Spleen Lymphatic Nodes
Lymphatic Vessels
help the CVS remove tissue fluid blood a drainage system not a circulation
Lymphatic Vessels
Where found? In all tissues and organs EXCEPT CNS eyeball internal ear epidermis cartilage bone
Lymphatic Flow
jugular vein lymphatic duct large lymph vessels efferent vessels subclavian vein thoracic duct
AREAS OF SINUSITIS
Basic Structure
Serous membrane
BASIC STRUCTURES
Muscles Bones Joints Ligaments Cartilage Bursae Synovial Sheaths
Types
Smooth Cardiac
SMOOTH MUSCLE
Long , spindleshaped In body tubes Role in peristalsis
CARDIAC MUSCLE
Raphe
Myofibril
Parts
Motor Unit
Fixator
Synergist
How Do Skeletal Muscles Get Their Names? Shape Size Number of Bellies and Heads Position Depth Attachment Actions
2. Protective
Femur Fractures
Gluteal muscles Iliopsoas leads to flexion of the proximal fragment
These muscle forces must be overcome to reduce and intramedullary nail the femur
BONE
Components Organic Inorganic
CLASSIFICATION OF BONES
Long Short Flat Irregular Sesamoid
Surface Markings
Elevations :
Linear : Line Ridge Crest Round: Tubercle Tuberosity Malleolus Sharp: Sharp: Spine Styloid Process Trochanter
Depressions
Pit /Fovea Notch /Incisura Groove /sulcus Foramen Canal/Meatus
SURFACE MARKINGS
Table 1-3
Suture
Nasal Spine
Orbital Foramen Coronoid Process
Membranous Cartilage
osteomyelitis
Cartilaginous
Primary Epiphyseal Plate
Sternocostal
Secondary
Intervertebral Disc Symphysis
2o
TYPES OF JOINTS
PICS
TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS Plane Hinge Pivot Condyloid Ellipsoid Saddle Ball & Socket
Fig. 1-17
Larger Larynx
MALE
Taller Longer legs Bigger Bones Less Fats Bigger body
Wider Pelvis
FEMALE
Shorter Smaller bones Less muscle bulk More fats
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