DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING

Ref: Digital Image Processing Gonsalez and Woods

Some tips
  

Slides are to be used only for understanding Use the text book for learning

Many pages of the text book will be marked for studying for the exam  Website corresponding to the resources of the book www.imageprocessingplace.com

What is (still) image processing?

The set of techniques used to  modify a digital image in order to improve it (in terms of quality),  or to reduce its size (in terms of bits compression encoding)  or to get information out of it.

Types of images
  

Natural Artistic or engineering drawings Scientific images

COMPONENTS OF A GENERAL PURPOSE IMAGE PROCESSING SYSTEM

How is an image obtained?

 

CCD camera with a sensor array . How many sensors?

Digital Camera


The way a digital camera creates this copy of a color picture is with a CCD chip behind the lens, constructed with a grid of many tiny light-sensitive cells, or sensors, arranged to divide the total picture area into rows and columns of a huge number of very tiny sub areas. .

Mega pixel


 

2048x1536 sensors -3145728 i.e 3 million pixels This is so for a 3 Megapixel camera This is the limiting resolution

For a b and w image



 

 

The brightness of each tiny area seen by a sensor is "sampled A discrete voltage is read from each sensor This discrete voltage is converted to a number This process is called digitizing the image. This amounts to sampling and quantizing the image

Draw the voltage waveform from the first line of the image shown if white =5V and black =0 V

Draw the voltage waveform for this image

DIGITAL IMAGES?
 

 

A still image is a two dimensional entity . Its two dimensions are the height ( y coordinate) and width (x co-ordinate) Images are continuous signals For digital representation ,they have to be sampled and quantized

How do we represent an image with M rows and n columns ?

f(0,0) f(1,0) ----f(M-1,0) f(0,1)f(0,N-1) f(1,1)f(1,N-1)

f(x,y)=

f(M-1,1) -----------f(M-1,N-1)

Draw an image grid with M=4,N=6



Write the notation for each pixel value

SPATIAL RESOLUTION


This is the spatial domain representation of an image What should be the values of M and N? That depends on the spatial resolution needed . Typical values of M x N are 256 x256, 512 x 512 for square images

 

PIXEL RESOLUTION as spatial resolution



The term resolution is often used as a pixel count in digital imaging When the pixel counts are referred to as resolution, the convention is to describe the pixel resolution as pixel columns (width) x pixel rows (height),

In a landscape,the number of columns is more e.g. computer screen  640 x480



Portrait


In this , the width is less ,height is more

Same image at different pixel resolutions

The measure of how closely lines can be resolved in an image is called spatial resolution, and it depends on properties of the system creating the image In effect, spatial resolution refers to the number of independent pixel values per unit length

PPI Pixels per inch



When we print digital images on paper, the paper is dimensioned in inches, but digital images are dimensioned in pixels. Printing 1500 pixels on 5 inches of paper 300 ppi

But a printers specified dpi is very different from ppi . The reason ?

Printers-B &W
    

Dont print gray Use half tones for gray i.e a number of dots to get gray For dark gray .? For light gray?

Printers -color
 

Have only 3/4 colors of ink To get a composite ,a number of dots are used to get one color To get a dot of pink ,a number of dots of other colors are used So actual dpi is less than specified dpi

Scanner


If we scan 8x10 inch paper at 300 dpi, we will create (8 inches x 300 ppi) x (10 inches x 300 ppi) = 2400x3000 pixels. The scanner bed and the paper we scan are dimensioned in inches, but the image created is dimensioned in pixels.

Video monitors
 

 

Monitors are of different size We have pixel settings and that is what is important for displays Like 1024 x 768 pixels But there is no concept of ppi or dpi

INTENSITY RESOLUTION


  

How many different intensity values do you want ,and also how many bits for representing each intensity value? With one bit ,two intensity values are possible With 3 bits , 8 intensity values can be represented With 8 bits ,28 or 256 intensity levels can be identified

How about TV transmission and reception?

  

PAL -625 lines NTSC -525 lines HDTV lines?

GRAY LEVELS


The intensity values (for a B & W image )are called gray levels

Draw a B and W image grid with

  

 

16 rows and 24 columns The pixel resolution is notated as Consider each pixel value is represented by 8 bits Find the number of bits this image needs Find the number of bytes also

  

The pixel resolution is notated as 24 x16 Bits is 24 x16 x8 =3072 bits Bytes is 3072/8 =384 bytes

  

640x480 x8=307200 bits =38400 bytes =37.5 KB 800x600 pixels =480000 =60000 bytes=58.5 KB

How many bits are needed for representing a 256 x 256 image with 256 intensity levels?

Answer?
 

M xN x 8 i.e 256 x 256 x 8 =524288 bits =65,536 bytes =64 KB

SPATIAL RESOLUTION

CHANGING SPATIAL RESOLUTION

COLOR IMAGES
  

R ,G ,B Can be represented as RGB( n1,n2,n3) Each color component is represented by 8 bits- so it is a 24 color system

 

For black RGB values (0,0,0) For white it is (255 ,255,255)

For red?  For yellow ,which is given by fully saturated red and green ?


 

RED --- (255,0,0) Yellow ( 255,255,0)

To distinguish one color from another

Brightness  Hue dominant wavelength  Saturation -relative purity Pure colors are fully saturated, when mixed with white , they become desaturated


Chromaticity

  

is hue and saturation together Add luminance to it -we get the real color