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Prepared by: St. Afnan Mahmoud Abu Tamam Instructor: Dr.

Zaid Qamhiya

Definition:
Ozone is a gas that is naturally present in our atmosphere. Each ozone molecule contains three atoms of oxygen and is denoted chemically as O3

Ozone is found primarily in two regions of the atmosphere. About 10% of atmospheric ozone is in the troposphere, the region closest to Earth (from the surface to about 10-16 kilometers (6-10 miles)). The remaining ozone (90%) resides in the stratosphere, primarily between the top of the troposphere and about 50 kilometers (31 miles) altitude. The large amount of ozone in the stratosphere is often referred to as the ozone layer.

Physical properties & Structure


Undiluted ozone is a pale blue gas at standard temperature and pressure; it forms a dark blue liquid below 112 C and a violet-black solid below 193 C. At concentrations found in the atmosphere it is colorless. The concentration above which it can be smelled (odor threshold) is between 0.0076 and 0.036 ppm.

Ozone Molecule

Ozone Layer

UV-A Least Can cause Energetic sunburns but (320not harmful to 400nm) biological life UV-B Harmful to (280biological life 320nm) UV-C Most Harmful to (200Energetic biological life 280nm)

NOT filtered by O3 or O2

Only filtered by O3 Filtered by both O3 and O2

Ozone is measured throughout the atmosphere with instruments on the ground and on board aircraft, highaltitude balloons, and satellites. instruments measure ozone Some directly in sampled air and others measure ozone remotely some distance away from the instrument. Instruments use optical techniques with the Sun and lasers as light sources or use chemical reactions that are unique to ozone. Measurements at many locations over the globe are made weekly to monitor total ozone amounts.

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
contains: Cl, F, C long-lived, non-toxic, non-corrosive, and nonflammable in 1960s used in refrigerators, air conditioners, spray cans, solvents, foams phase out by 1996 in developed countries

Halons

contain: Br, Cl (in some but not all), F, H (in some but not all), C Br many times more effective in destroying O3
ODPs range up to 10

used in fire extinguishers phase out by 1994

Methyl Bromide (CH3Br)


an effective pesticide, used to fumigate ag soil and products ODP = 0.4 production in US will end 12/31/2000

Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs)

contains: H, Cl, F, C first major replacement for CFC


ODPs range from 0.01 - 0.1

much less destructive by also ozone depleting reduce HCFCs by 35% by 2004 in developed countries

Hydrofuluorocarbons (HFC)
contain: H, F, C do not deplete O3 some HFCs have a high GWP

CFCl3 + hv Cl + O3 O + ClO O + O3

Cl + CFCl2 ClO + O2 Cl + O2 O2 + O2

(14.4) (14.5) (14.6) (14.7)

Cars and Trucks Wood stacks Burning of Trash Power Plants Burning of Fossil Fuels Natural Fires Burning of Tobacco Burning of Plastics Natural Gases

Ozone totals are measured in Dobson Units


350 Dobson Units is typical in temperate regions Ozone levels have decreased below 150 Dobson Units over Antarctica

Began to occur in late 1970s


Levels are lowest in Antarcticas Spring (SeptNov) Normal levels regained by JuneJuly Geographic Region effected is growing each year

Not really a hole; more like a thinner window

A special mechanism appears to be in effect here, related to the fact that the lower stratosphere over the South Pole is the coldest spot on Earth. During the Antarctic winter (June to September), a strong circumpolar wind develops in the middle to lower atmosphere keeps warmer new air (w/ new O3) from entering Temps can get as low as -90oC! At temps < 80oC, clouds of ice crystals containing sulfates and nitric acid can develop in the stratosphere.

Fig.02.14

Service air conditioners to catch CFC leaks Make sure cars & refrigerators dont use CFC as a refrigerant Choose washable clothing rather than dry cleaned Use a pump dispenser rather than propellant

1975:

200% increase in CFC use from 1968, only eight years

1979: The FDA, EPA ban non-essential uses of CFCs ! First time substance EVER banned without direct proof of harm 1982: 20 other countries join US in ban of CFCs

1982:British science teams in Antarctica observe 20% decline in O3 layer US scientists relying on TOMS (Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer) measurements from space claim to observe nothing 1983: British scientists observe 30% reduction in ozone layer. US scientists claims no reduction. 1985:British observe 50% reduction. US claims no reduction US re-tests and confirms. WHY THE SCIENTIFIC SNAFUS??

1986:DuPont scientists continue to argue that tropospheric ozone (smog) will migrate up and fill the ozone hole in the stratosphere.

1987:2 yrs of intensive research reveal that ozone hole is anthropogenic 1988:UN hold meeting in Montreal 45 Nations sign to reduce CFC use by 50% by year 2000. Developing countries efforts would be subsidized

19901992: 2000

Follow up meetings result in: Industrialized nations: total ban by

Developing nations: ban by 2010, with assistance from developed nations US agrees to complete phaseout by 1996; DuPont to halt production by 1997 1995: Prize Rowland and Molina receive Nobel

1870 ( ) 1944 1931

disinfect water in place of chlorine Deodorize air and objects such as after fire. Kill bacteria on food . sanitize swimming pools and spas . manufacture chemical compounds via chemical synthesis clean and bleach fabrics . Disinfect laundry in hospitals, food factories, care homes etc

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