Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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Allows readers to cross-reference your sources easily. Provides consistent format within a discipline. Gives you credibility as a writer. Protects from plagiarism.
APA
Double Space
Abstract
An abstract is a summary of the problem (issue), findings, and recommendations made throughout the entire paper. Keywords Do not give any reference in abstract.
In Text Citation
Cite by author Last Name and date the works used For single author
Walker (2001) compared reaction times In a study of reaction times (Walker, 2001)
Reference: Walker, M. M. (2001). Transfer of lexical information in adults with reading disorders. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 93 (1), 257267.
Johnson (1998) tested the effects antidepressants were found to decrease anxiety (Johnson, 1998)
Stylistically, change it up! Begin some citations at the beginning of the sentence, begin some citations in parentheses at the end of the sentence.
In Text Citation
Works with up to five authors First citation: list all authors, followed by the year of publication in parentheses Johnson, Martin, Lopez, Roberts, and Walker (2005) Subsequent citations: list all authors if work has up to TWO authors, if more than two authors, use et al. Johnson et al. (2005), or if only two authors, Johnson and Martin (2005). Works with more than six authors Use et al. in first citation and subsequent citations
In Text Citation One author: (Sinatra, 2007) Two authors: (Sinatra & Garland, 2007) Three to five authors: (Sinatra, Garland, & Fitzgerald, 2007) on first reference with (Sinatra et al., 2007) after that Six or more authors: (Sinatra et al., 2007) on first and all subsequent references
Duhig, Phares, and Birkeland (2002) did a survey on A survey on fathers involvement in (Duhig, Phares & Birkeland, 2002)
Reference: Duhig, A. M., Phares, V., & Birkeland, R. W. (2002). Involvement of fathers in therapy: A survey of clinicians. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 33(4), 389-395.
Within a paragraph, when the name of the author is part of the narrative, you need not include the year in subsequent non parenthetical references to a study. Do include the year in all parenthetical citations.
King (2008) found that citing is fun. King took great care in conducting the research, surveying 150 current Walden students. In fact students really grow to love APA (King, 2008, p. 23). King also found that students secretly love APA even when first introduced to the style.
References Alphabetical order by first author s last name Hanging indent Begins on new page References appears at the top of the page, centered and Bold Follows guidelines of each type of work (book chapter, journal article, etc.) List authors in order in which they appear in the original publication
Reference Guidelines
Capitalization: Only First letter of every word of journal title is capitalized. Italicize the title of books and periodicals, do not underline them Put a period after author s initials, date, title of article, and at the end of the reference. If the reference ends in an Internet address, do not put a period at the end of the Internet address. Line 1 should be flush with the left margin, and subsequent lines should be indented (5) spaces (referred to as a hanging indent ) List should be alphabetized by author s last names. Articles by the same author should be listed oldest to newest (reverse chronological order)
Last, F. M. (year). Title of work. Location: Publisher. Thomas, A. E. (2004). Introductory Psychology. New York: NY Publishing.
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of chapter. In A. Editor, & B. Editor (Eds.), Title of book (pp. xxx-xxx). Location: Publisher. Patterson, C. H. (1997). Client-centered supervision. In C. E. Watkins (Ed.), Handbook of psychotherapy supervision (pp. 134-146). New York: Wiley.
Book Examples
Book (specified edition) Clear, T. R., & Cole, G. F. (2003). American corrections (6th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing. Book (no edition) Bergner, D. (1999). God of the rodeo. NY: The Ballentine Publishing Group.
APA Practice
Write the correct APA Style citation for the following:
Author: Ann Streissguth Title of book: Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: A Guide for Families and Communities Publisher info: Paul H. Brookes Publishing Company, 1997, 306 pages, Baltimore.
Streissguth, A. (1997). Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: A guide for families and communities. Baltimore: Brookes Publishing.
The title of the article s first word is capitalize. The name of journal and volume number is italicized with capitalization throughout. Do not write p. or pp. for page numbers.
Last, F. M., & Last, F. M. (year). Title of article. Title of Publication, Volume Number, page-page.
Smith, A. B., Johnson, J. K., Parker, L. M., & Martin, U. M. (2009). Depression and anxiety in the work environment. Depression Monthly, 24, 209-215.
Author: Pamela K. Adams Title of article: Blockbusters: Ideas for the Block Center Name of Journal: Early Childhood Education Journal Publication info: Volume 24, No Issue number, 1996, pages 8792.
Adams, P. K. (1996). Blockbusters: Ideas for the block center. Early Childhood Education Journal, 24, 87-92.
Quotations
Incorporate short quote (<40 words) in text Give page number As suggested, yet another challenge is to strive towards greater heights in our attempts to achieve professionalism through training and self-renewal (Tan, 2002, p. 99).
Quotations
Within quotation use to replace Use to indicate omitted words She stated, The placebo effect disappeared when behaviors were studied in this manner (Miele, 1993, p. 276).
Quotations
We agree with Obrue (2002), who concluded: Neurofeedback is perhaps best viewed not as an alternative to conventional psychopharmcological agents but rather (p. 8)
Personal Communication
J.H. Lim (interview, June 4, 2004) J. Tan (personal communication, March 15, 2005) (J. Tan, personal communication, March 15, 2005)
Normally not cited in References
Lee, J. (1999, September 6). More turning to acupuncture. The Straits Times, pp. 28-29.
Author, A. (Year). Title of thesis. Unpublished level thesis. University, Place. Ho, M. (2000). Coping strategies of counseling professionals. Unpublished master s thesis. Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of work. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from source. Provide URLs that work American Psychological Association. (2003). Electronic references. Retrieved March 21, 2010, from http://www.apastyle.org/elecref.html
Audiovisual Reference
Author, A. A. (Producer) & Author, B. (Director). (Year). Title of audiovisual [Motion picture]. Country: Movie Studio. Scorsese, M. (Producer) & Lonergan, K. (Writer/Director). (2000). You can count on me [Motion picture]. United States: Paramount Pictures.
Seriation
Within a paragraph or sentence, use lowercase letters in parentheses, (a), (b), (c), etc. For seriation of separate paragraphs, number each paragraph with numeral, followed by a period but not enclosed in or followed by a parentheses 1. 2. 3.
Figure
Use the figure number not the figure below or the next figure. Figures are inserted into the narrative as close to the text that introduces them as is practical. Try not to place a figure in the middle of a paragraph. Figures are labeled underneath the figure an italicize the word Figure and number.
Tabl
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A meric an patients 70% 98% 60% 75% 98% 50% 70% 85% 99% 98% 80% y es no no no no no no no y es no
ov erall s pec ialty ? s iz e (s q. f t.) 2000 1250 2000 2000 800 1000 1000 1500 2000 1250 1480
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Figure 2. A model showing the critical elements for successful course development in online education.
Tables
Tables are labeled above. Table number is plain type. Table title is on next line (double space), with italic. Make sure text fills in the table cells. There should be atmost 2 horizontal lines on the top and one in bottom.
Right Table
Right Table
Wrong Table
Wrong Table