Intelligence

By Shabab Ahmad Asst. Professor - CUHP

 Intelligence is one of the most important and unique ability that human being seemed to have developed in their history. Intelligence is the capacity to gain the profit from the experience and to go beyond the given to the possible. It is in our intellectual development that human have been able to dominance over more powerful or numerous being. Intelligence is the ability to learn, ability to carry on the higher process of thought, ability to adopt the novel situation.

Definition: William: Intelligence is the ability to adjust own self into the new situation Binet 1916: General Intellectual capacity which consists of the abilities:  To reason well with abstract materials  To comprehend well  To have a clear direction of thought  To relate thinking with the attainment of desirable end and  To be self critical.

 Weschsler, 1944: Intelligence is the aggregated or global activity of the individual to act purposefully, to think rationally and to deal effectively with the environment. -It is the Global Activity - To think rationally - To deal effectively - To act purposefully

Types of Intelligence: Social Intelligence: It is the ability to understand and deal with the person in the social environment. (Social Intelligence Scale) Emotional Intelligence: Ability, capacity and skills to handle or manage the emotion of one s self or group. In case of Trait EI Model: It is self perceived ability, to identify asses and manage the emotion of one s self and of group. (Test: Self Rapport Emotional Intelligence Test- SREIT Test) Term EI: attributed to Wayne Payne s doctoral thesis A study of emotion: developing emotional intelligence in 1985)

 Concrete Intelligence: Ability to understand and deal with the things, as in skilled or trades and scientific appliances or with application. bstract Intelligence: Ability to understand and deal with verbal and mathematical symbols.

Hence we can say that: intelligence refers to the individual abilities to understand the complex ideas, to adapt effectively to the environment, to learn from the experiences and to overcome the obstacle by careful thoughts.

Intelligence Ratio:
141- More-----Gifted 121 141------ Genius 110 120------ Super Intelligence 90-110---------Average Level of Intelligence 70-90----------- Border Line of Intelligence 50-70------------Mild Level 35-50----------- Moderate Level 20-35----------- Severe level 0-20------------- Profound

 Test for Measuring the Intelligence: Standford Binet Scale : Revised Version 1972 ( 11 to Superior adult) WAIS- Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale by David Wechsler, 1981, ( 16 years & above) WISC-III, Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children III, 1949, ( 6-16 years) WAPPSI- Wechsler Pre School and Primary Scale of Intelligence, ( 3-7 years)

 Gessel s Development Schedule (GDS) ( 4 Weeks to 5 Years) ; Gross motor, adaptivity, Language, Social & personal behavior Maccarthy Scale of Children s Ability :- (MSCA): Verbal, Perception, General Cognition, Memory, and Motor. For 2 to 9 years. PGI- BBD- Battery of Brain Dysfunction Age 20 years to above. Verbal Intelligence Scale The Luria- Nebraska Neuro-Psychological Battery Form I & II, for adult. The Luria- Nebraska Neuro-Psychological Battery C for Children

Theories of Intelligence: Different Psychologist given the different theories of Intelligence. We can divide Intelligence theories into two broad groups. Group A & Group B Group A: Process Oriented Theory of Intelligence: These Theories define the intelligence in terms of cognitive process. These theories are interested in How the people solve their problem? Piaget s Theory Bruner s theory Information Processing Theory

Group B: Factor Theories of Intelligence: Morgan & King divide factor theories into sub type: Factors Theories of Intelligence are those who have studied the organization of mental ability, their primary interest is identifying the factor which contribute the Intelligence. It includes: as Two factor Theory or G & S factor theory Multi Factor and Group Factor Theory Structure of Intelligence Model given by Guilford

 Group A: Process Oriented Theories: Piaget s Theory: Jean Piaget (1980) is particularly process oriented theorist. He has put forward his well known Cognitive theory of development. According to Cognitive Development occurs in four stages: Sensory Motor Stage Preoperational Stage Concrete Operational Stage Stage of Formal Operational Stage In Piaget s Views Intelligence is an adaptive process that involves interplay of biological maturation and interaction with the environment. He emphasized on intellectual development as an evolution of cognitive process such as understanding, law of nature, the principle of grammar and mathematical rule.

Burner s Theory: Jerome Burner (1973): is a process theorist, who described the intellectual development partly as a growing reliance on internal representation. It means he was interested how the ability influences by the internal environment: Young Child: Perceive the thing in his own way, but Older man/ Adolescence by his own way of perceiving

Information Process Theory: are a group of theories which hold that intelligence should be measured in term of such functions as sensory processing, coding, strategies, memories, and other mental capacities. This theory breaks intelligence down into various basic skills that people employ to take information and process it, and then use it for problem solving purpose. It includes:  What mental processes are involved in the various tests of intelligence?  How rapidly and accurately are these process carried out  What type of mental representation of information does these process and act upon it. It was illustrated by the Sternberg (1985): described the Componential Model of Intelligence: Meta component, retention component, performance component, transfer component and Acquisition.

 Group A- Factor Theories: Two Factor or G & S Theory: Charles Spearman in 1904 proposed one of the trait theories of organism. Acc. To him the aim of psychological testing should be measure the amount of an individual g factor, because it is the factor that provides the only basis for prediction of subject s performance from one situation to another. Later He modified his theory- he included the S Specific factor also because he found that the inter relationship B/W two tasks will never perfect.

 Multifactor and Group Factor Theory: American Psychologist contributed this theory. It was based on the Multitude of separate factor of element each one being a minute element of ability. Acc to this each minute element involve and operating together. Mean Two mental activates are highly correlated because they share many common element. Group factor Theory: when many similar element or factors work together then called Group factor theory. It described by Thorndike, Kelly and Thruston: Certain mental operation have in common a primary factor that gives them psychological & functional unity and that differentiate them from other mental operation. These mental operations constitute a group.

 Structure of Intelligence Model: Guilford Three dimensional Model of Intelligence: in 1944 It is a box like model developed on the basis his research. This model expresses the relationship by organ sing trait into systematic scheme. This model classifies intellectual traits along three dimensions as follow: Contents: nature of material or information on which operation are performed. It include figural, symbolic (number or letter), semantic (word), and behavior ( attitude , need etc) Operation: They are the process involved in intellectual behavior. It include : Memory, divergent production, convergent production, evaluation Product: The form in which the information is processed by the respondent. Products are classified into units, classes, relation, system, transformation, implication.

Thank you