Presented by: Lalit Kamal (88) Mrinal Aditya (100) Muskan Soni (105) Samala Santhosh (164) Santosh

N (167)

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The Large Hadron Collider (LHC):

 world's largest and highest-energy particle accelerator  Developed by the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN)  about 9000 of leading world scientists were involved  it has taken 15 years to develop and has cost about $8 billion

Purpose:
 To unlock the secrets of the universe and most fundamental questions of

physics  Advancing the understanding of the deepest laws of nature  To prove that tiny Higgs particles (subatomic particles) exist  they think these smallest building blocks of nature, and the forces that brought them together, will help explain why the universe has organized itself into so many different things
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LHC Description:
 lies in a tunnel 27 kilometres (17 mi) in circumference  175 metres (574 ft) beneath the Franco-Swiss border near Geneva, Switzerland

Functioning:
 This synchrotron is designed to collide opposing particle beams of either

protons at an energy of 7 teraelectronvolts (7 TeV or 1.12 microjoules) per particle, or lead nuclei at an energy of 574 TeV (92.0 J) per nucleus. The term hadron refers to particles composed of quarks.
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CERN has brought more than 80 countries together

 To work on the collider and to share the scientific results

How: CERN has constructed one of largest and most sophisticated machines ever built to replicate what the universe may have been like a few nanoseconds after it was created 1 nanosecond = 1 x 10-9 s = one billionth of a second it is all going to happen in a 27 km tunnel found 100m underground (under rocks and mountains) on the border between Geneva, Switzerland and France
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Two beams of invisible hydrogen protons will be driven around the tunnel in opposite directions inside ultra-high vacuum tubes propelled and guided by super conducting magnets, chilled with liquid helium to a temperature of -271oC, which is colder than deep space. As the two beams approach speeds of light (3 x 108 m/s), they will collide at 4 different parts of the LHC.

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There are 4 massive detectors where the actual collision of the subatomic particles takes place. One of them is seven stories tall nearly 7.3 x 106 kg of lead, steel, wires, plastic and magnets that capture and record everything that's going on inside.

"So you can race these little protons around this track at the speed of light, smash them in together in a beam that's the width of a hair. And you can measure what happens in a billionth of a second?" Kroft asks Stanek. "Billionth of a second, actually 25 nanoseconds. So set the scale," Stanek says. "Here to there is 25 feet. Turn my flashlight on, by the time that beam reaches that wall, is the time that we have to have recorded all this information.
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1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Project Integration Management Project Scope Management Project Time Management Project Cost Management Project Quality Management Project Human Resource Management Project Communication Management Project Risk Management Project Procurement Management
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Collect Requirements

To unlock the secrets of the universe and most fundamental questions of physics Advancing the understanding of the deepest laws of nature To prove that tiny Higgs particles (subatomic particles) exist they think these smallest building blocks of nature, and the forces that brought them together, will help explain why the universe has organized itself into so many different things

Define Scope

As per scientists at CERN, we only understand about four percent of the known universe LHC world's largest and highest-energy particle accelerator Developed by the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) about 9000 of leading world scientists were involved it has taken 15 years to develop and has cost about $8 billion
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Create WBS

Power Converters: How do we power magnets? Beam Dump: How do we get rid of the beam, in emergency, or at the end of a fill? Magnets: Bending Focusing, steering Cryogenics: How do we keep the magnets cold? Vacuum: The beam has to travel in a very good vacuum. Collimators: Catching Particles, before they catch the magnets. Current Lead: Feeding the current from warm into cold mass of magnet. Steel

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Requirement from Application Verification of Application vs system Design. Test application alogorithm at Circuit gate level Commonality Flexibility Modularity Check system expandability, check ease of replacing current communication components vs. future components, and current technology vs. future technology. Familiarity with state of art of the hardware Design the system, the crates, the boards, the circuits. Synthesize circuits to FPGA and to ASIC for a specific technology. Make a preliminary floor planning (FPGA, ASIC, boards). Familiarity with state of art of the software Model the critical area of the design (e.g. functions not commercially available in a component such as the functions that should be accommodated in FPGAs and ASICs).

Verify Scope

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Control Scope

Design Reviews Drawing Review and Approval Specification Review and Approval Engineering and functional considerations Quality Assurance requirements Code and Standards requirements Safety requirements Drawing approval Specification Review report sheet
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Designing Precision

The precision of even a mm or less was kept for the design of detectors and colliding tunnel

Beam safety issue: The 2 particle beams travel in opposite

directions in separate beam pipes two tubes kept at ultrahigh vacuum; close to the speed of light with very high energies

To Maintain High quality magnetic field: conduct 10,000 A at

zero resistance superconducting electromagnets are needed which requires chilling the magnets to about -271C

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Staff Training Job orientation, ES&H training, required reading, and on-the-job training Periodic training and retraining Performance evaluations must be conducted at least annually for every position to ensure that job proficiency is being maintained and improved

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Integrated safety Safety process adopted at laboratory: Define the scope of work. Analyze the hazards. Develop and implement controls. Perform work within the controls. Provide feedback and continuous improvement. Documents & Reports maintenance Records Management : ensures that records of completed activities are generated, maintained, and readily retrievable

Scientific and Technical Publications are processed through TEID s Report Coordination Office, which assigns report numbers, provides editing and printing services, and coordinates distribution
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Who Are Involved

The LHC project involves 111 nations in designing, building and testing equipment and software, participating in experiments and analysing data. The degree of involvement varies between countries, with some able to contribute more financial and human resource than others. Around 2000 scientist all over the world are involved. The Two detectors: ATLAS and CMS; each had 2000 people involved in machining, working and maintenance

Staffing & Training

Position Descriptions : must be consistent with the requirements of the LHC Training needs : for each position are determined by completion of the Job

Hazard Questionnaire which addresses ES&H issues and special training to allow the individual to carry out the job duties in an efficient manner
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Job orientation, ES&H training, required reading, and onthe-job training : must be completed as early as possible after the job assignment Periodic training and retraining : must be provided to ensure continued job proficiency and to improve overall performance and safety Performance evaluations : must be conducted for every position to ensure that job proficiency is being maintained and improved
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Work Authorization

Depending on the programmatic or operational significance and environment, safety, and health consequences, some work processes such as pressure testing, high voltage testing, and tests using cryogenic fluids may require formal work authorization Formal authorization results in a written document that describes: The scope of work Required procedures and controls Authorized materials and equipment to be used Authorized staff to conduct the work
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http://maps.google.ca/maps?hl=en&q=map+of+geneva+switzerland &ie=UTF8&ll=48.57479,3.779297&spn=15.763622,35.771484&z=4 A Trip Inside the Big Bang Machine (Sept 28, 2008) Available: http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2008/09/28/60minutes/main4483 600.shtml http://public.web.cern.ch/public/ http://www.3dcomputing.com/nss99review/Att_2a_paper_NSS99_N14-18.pdf http://cdsweb.cern.ch/record/307864/files/lhc-project-report-02.pdf http://lhc-proj-qawg.web.cern.ch/lhc-proj-qawg/CDROM/Quality/QA304.pdf http://lhc.fuw.edu.pl/symp08LHC/Aymar.pdf

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