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V.R.S.

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, VILLUPURAM


AEROSPACE FLYWHEEL DEVELOPMENT PRESENTED BY: G.JAYASEELAN (FINAL MECH)., V.VIGNESH (FINAL MECH).,

AGENDA
y INTRODUCTION y WHAT IS FLYWHEEL? y COMPONENTS OF FLYWHEEL SYSTEM y PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION y EXPERIMENTAL SETUP y FLYWHEEL CONTROL y TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS y AEROSPACE FLYWHEEL CHALLANGES y FLYWHEEL ENERGY STORAGE y ADVANTAGES y APLLICATIONS y CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK

INTRODUCTION
Presently, energy storage on the space station and

satellites are held by chemical batteries (nickel cadmium or nickel hydrogen)


A flywheel energy storage system is an alternative

technology for future space mission.

WHAT IS FLYWHEEL?
y A flywheel used in machines act as a reservoir of

energy storage y It stores energy during higher supply and release during demand. y A flywheel control the speed variation caused by the fluctuation of the engine turning moment during each cycle of operation.

PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
y The law of conservation of energy is a law of

physics. y It states that the total amount of energy in a system remains constant over time . y A consequence of this law is that energy can neither be created nor be destroyed: it can only be transformed from one state to another. The only thing that can happen to energy in a system is that it can change form.

EXPERIMENTAL SETUP

Experimental facility consists of: Power Supply, Power Electronics, Electric Motor, Flywheel, Amperemeter, Voltmeter

COMPONENTS OF FLYWHEEL SYSTEM


y Composite rotor y Magnetic bearings y Motor/Generator y Power electronics y Control and instrumentation y Vacuum housing

y ROTOR y a spinning mass that stores energy in the form of

momentum y BEARINGS y pivots on which the rotor rests y The bearings support the flywheel rotor and keep it in position to freely rotate. y The bearings must constrain five of the six degrees of freedom for rigid bodies, allowing only rotation around the axis of the rotor. y MOTOR GENERATOR y a device that converts stored mechanical energy into electrical energy, or vice versa

y Motors convert electrical energy into the rotational

mechanical energy stored in the flywheel rotor during charge, and generators reverse the process during discharge y POWER ELECTRONICS y An inverter and rectifier that convert the raw electrical power output of the motor/generator into conditioned electrical power with the appropriate voltage and frequency

y CONTROLS AND INSTRUMENTATION y Electronics which monitor and control the flywheel to

ensure that the system operates within design parameters y HOUSING y Containment around the flywheel system, used to protect against hazardous failure modes. It is sometimes also used to maintain a vacuum around the rotor to reduce atmospheric friction.

FLYWHEEL CONTROL
y There are three modes of operation for the flywheel in

a spacecraft power system

y Charge y Charge reduction y Discharge

y CHARGING y During charging, an electric current flows through an

electromagnetic coil and creates a magnetic field that interacts with the magnets loaded on the rotor, causing it to spin. y DISCHARGING AND CHARGE REDUCTION y During this modes,the spinning magnets on the rotor induce a current in the electromagnet and generate current flow out of the system

Technical characteristics
y In Rotor technology y The kinetic energy stored in a rotating mass is: y E=1/2 J
2

(1)

y where J is the moment of inertia, and

is the angular

velocity y The moment of inertia is a function of the mass and shape of the flywheel : y J= x2 dmx .(2) y where x is the distance of the differential mass dmx from the axis of rotation.

y In the case of a flywheel where the mass m is

concentrated in the rim at radius r, then the moment of inertia is given by: y J=mr2 .(3) y Substituting equation (3) in (1) gives: y E=1/2mr2 2 y which shows that high angular velocity is more important than mass to achieve high stored energy.

Materials

Density [kg.m-3]

Strength [MN.m-2]

Theoretical maximum specific energy [Wh.kg-1] 32 31 37 111

Steel (AISI 4340) Alloy (AlMnMg) Titanium (TiAl6Zr5) GFRP Glass fibre reinforced polymer (60 vol% E-glass) CFRP Carbon fibre reinforced polymer (60 vol% HT Carbon)

7800 2700 4500 2000

1800 600 1200 1600

1500

2400

222

(Material properties taken from Aspes Engineering AG website)

AEROSPACE FLYWHEEL CHALLENGES


y The important factor which preventing the use of

flywheels for long term energy storage is loss in the bearings. y The above problem is prevented by using non-contact active magnetic bearings. y Superconducting magnetic bearings have losses of 10 2 to 10 3 watts per kg for a 2,000 rpm rotor. This translates an efficiency of 84%

FLYWHEEL ENERGY STORAGE(FES)


y It works by accelerating a rotor to a very high speed

and the energy in the system as inertial energy. y Advanced flywheel are made of high strength carboncomposite filament that spins at the speed of 20,0001,00,000 rpm in a vacuum enclosure. y Quick charging is done in less than 15 minutes.

y It has high energy density (~130 wh/kg) and large

maximum power output. y The energy efficiency of flywheel can be as high as 90%.since FES can store and release energy power quickly, they found as pulsed power.

ENERGY STORING OF FLYWHEEL

ADVANTAGES
y High power output, long life. y Not affected by temperature changes. y Does not suffered by memory effect. y Less potential to damage the environment. y Possible to know the exact amount of energy stored. y Simple measurement of the rotational speed.

APPLICATIONS
y In 1950s flywheel-powered buses, known as gyro buses

were used in yverdon ,switzerland. y It is hope that flywheel systems can replace conventional chemical batteries for mobile applications such as for electric vehicles. y Flywheel system have also been used experimentally in small electric locomotives for shunting or switching.

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK


y This paper has presented a new algorithm for

regulating the charge and discharge mode of a FES system. y Experimental and stimulation results shows the successful control of the flywheel system in all modes of operation. y A future application of flywheel technology is used to combine the energy storage and the altitude control function on spacecraft

REFERENCES
y Anand, D.K., kirk, J.A., Bangham, M.L.,

Simulation,Design, and construction of a flywheel magnetic bearing , ASME paper 86-DET-41,1986. y Kirk, J.A., and Anand, D.K., satellite power using a magnetically suspended flywheel stack , journal of space power , vol-22, issue-3&4, mar/apr-1988. y www.wikepedia.com y www.gleinreserch.com

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