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Week 3
Antony Glambedakis
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Learning Outcomes
Define human factors (HF). Identify differences in terminology within HF. Trace the history of HF Understand the basic philosophy of HF. Discuss some central concepts underlying HF. Understand an the multidisciplinary nature of HF. Explore a conceptual framework for HF
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Human Factors can be defined as a discipline which applies systematic methods and knowledge of the human being to assess and optimise the interaction between individuals, technology and organisation. The goal is to produce a work situation which is healthy, safe and efficient. Human Factors methods can optimise a workplace resulting in a number of beneficial effects:
- reduced risk for human error - increased job satisfaction - reduced absence from work - improved worker health conditions
http://www.scandpower.com/en/Services/Human_Factors/
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environmental, organisational and job factors, and human and individual characteristics, which influence behaviour at work in a way which can affect health and safety (U.K. Health and Safety Executive, 1999)
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Other Terminology
Ergonomics
(Greek: ergon, nomos) Literally means laws of work The traditional term used in Europe Synonymous with human factors, a US-derived term Also called Human Engineering and Human Factors Engineering
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Artefacts and systems are there to serve humans, and must be designed with the user in mind. Individual differences matter in design systems and artefacts should accommodate for them. Design can affect human behaviour and well-being. Good design should not be noticeable. We become very aware of bad design. Empiricism and evaluation are essential. An objective scientific approach is necessary - hypothesis testing, validity, generalisable results, etc. Systems approach - people, machines, environment, etc., are part of the system. (Sanders & McCormick, 1992)
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Multidisciplinary Nature of HF
Psychology
Cognitive Social Occupational Organisational Cultural
HF
Design
Industrial design Product semantics
Engineering
Aeronautical Eng. Mechanical Eng. Safety Eng. Operations Research
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https://www2.hf.faa.gov/workbenchtools/
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A Conceptual Framework
International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) use a model developed by Edwards (1972) and Hawkins (1984) known as the SHELL framework to denote the kinds of interactive resources:
Software - the rules, procedures, customs, etc., which determine how things are done. Hardware - the controls, displays, equipment and functional systems. Environment - the natural, social and economic climate in which the operator works. Liveware - the people within the system.
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A Conceptual Framework
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A Conceptual Framework
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A Conceptual Framework
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A Conceptual Framework
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A Conceptual Framework
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Listen to ABC Audio 28 November 1979, Flight 901 Impacted Mt Erebus 257 individuals fatally injured Scenic flight to Antarctica Radar guided descent to 2000ft Investigation finding Pilots flew a perfect operational aircraft into a mountain (12,450ft)
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Captains decision to continue the flight at low level towards an area of poor surface and horizontal definition when the crew were uncertain of their position
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Royal Commission investigation commenced July 1980 Captain and first officer provided with a route briefing 19 days prior to flight FMS reprogrammed in the early hours of the morning with different coordinates (McMurdo waypoint changed-longitude)
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Reason Model
Defences Unsafe Acts
errors violations
Organisational Conditions
Workplace Factors
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Reason Model
Represents some of dynamics of accident development Focuses on human factors, but underemphasises role of technical failures Can be very difficult classifying a particular issue into one of the boxes (eg training)
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Organisational Conditions
Organisational characteristics
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Organisational Factors
Workplace norm-pressure to provide value for money flight Incompetent administrative practices (communication breakdown)
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Workplace Factors
Inadequate training
No Antarctic experience Whiteout
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Unsafe Acts
Observable behaviours that increase the risk of an accident to a level above that which is acceptable or necessary to complete an operational task View as events that should not be reproduced under similar conditions rather than consider them failures of individual concerned
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Education
Degree in Social Sciences, including Aviation with Major in Psychology/Human Factors Degree in Psychology Postgraduate studies with specialty in the area of Human Performance Registered Psychologist (generally)
Career
Aviation Safety Area of Safety Science (OHS) Human Factors Lecturer Human Factors Specialist Human Factors/Ergonomics - Boeing, Airbus NASA, FAA, CASA, ATSB,NTSB
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Required Reading
Read:
Hawkins, F.H. (1987). Human Factors in Flight. Chapter 1.
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Web resources
http://www.ergonomics.org.au/ - Ergonomics Society, Aus http://www.ergonomics.org.uk/ - Ergonomics Society, UK http://hfes.org/ - Human Factors and Ergonomics ~Society, USA http://www.ergonomics.org.au/ - Ergonomics Society of Australia http://www.iea.cc/ - International Ergonomics Association http://www.hf.faa.gov/ - Federal Aviation Administration http://aeromedical.org/ - Aerospace Medicine Home Page http://www.baddesigns.com - Bad Designs