WIND TURBINES, WIND FARMS AND OPTIMAL PLACEMENT FOR THE WIND TURBINES WITH Asl altGENETIC ALGORITHM

balk stilini dzenlemek iin tklatn

smail KAYAHAN

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Outline

Introduction Modern Wind Power Systems

Modern Wind Turbines Wind Farms

Wind Farm Placement Optimization With G.A.

System Explanations Wind Power Calculations GA Optimization for Turbine

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Introduction

Energy Demand The main factors of wind power popularity

The need The potential The technological capacity

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Modern Wind Turbines

Main Components of Wind Turbine

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Wind Farms

Wind Farm Technical Issues

Wind turbine spacing (both downwind and crosswind) Wind turbine operating characteristics The number of turbines and size of the wind farm Turbulence intensity Frequency distribution of the wind direction (the wind rose)

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Operations and Control of Wind Farms in a Grid

The requirements of grid connection

The reactive power should be regulated within a control band, at a maximum level of 10% of rated power Wind turbine will generally operate in normal conditions (90 105% voltage and 4951 Hz) Under the condition of a power

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Wind Farm Site of Case Studies

The wind farm is on the Gkeada Aydnck.

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Wind Farm Site Technical Properties

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Class of place is 4. Some months 5.

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Wind Turbine Grid Distances

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Wind Turbine Characteristics

Rated Power Swept Area

Enercon E-48 turbine will be used.

810kW 48m 1810 m2 20 m/s 3 m/s 3 0.52 50 m 0.005

Rotor Diameter Cut-out wind Speed Cut-in wind Speed Number of Blades Trust Factor Hub Height Surface roughness (m)

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Wind Turbine Power and Power Coefficient Curve

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Wind Power Calculations

Power is the air density and equals to 1.225 kg/m3 at 16C, r is the radius of wind turbine and 24 m. U is wind speed which changes with Weibull Distribution.

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Cp Modelling (Efficiency Analysis of One turbine)

Gausian Regresion with 5th order is used for the regression.
Y vs. X fit 2

0.5 0.45 0.4 0.35 0.3 0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 0

Goodness of fit: R-square: 0.9998 Adjusted R-square: 0.9994 RMSE: 0.004343

10

15

20

25

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Cp Regression

a1 b1 c1 a2 b2 c2

0.1212 6.194 1.507 0.2187 8.884 3.81

a4 b4 c4 a5 b5 c5

4.088e+005 -170.1 48.65 0.374 4.012 1.877

a3 b3 c3

-1.824 -0.2933 6.583

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Wake Effect Modelling

Jensen deficit model Where k is wake spreading constant and a is axial induction factor. The axial induction factor is related to the turbine trust coefficient as

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Axial Induction Factor and Wake Spreading Constant

Axial Induction Factor

a=0.1535

Wake Spreading Constant

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Multiple Turbine Deficit Formulation

Assuming multiple turbines in the upstream of a turbine in concern and ignoring the nonlinear near-wake region, the wake deficits are combined by summing the squares of the interacting deficits

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Statistics of Wind Speed

Probability density function f(V)

Weibull shape parameter

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Weibull scale parameter (m/s)

Weibull Parameters and Pdf Graph

From the reference k=1.94 and c=9.81 By the changing wind speed from 0 to 20 m2/s
0.09 0.08 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01

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10

12

14

16

18

20

Cost Calculations

The total annual investment cost of the wind farm relates only with the number of installed wind turbines and can be expressed as follows

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Creation Function Population Type Population Size Fitness Scalling Selection

Genetic Algorithm Properties

Constraint Dependent Bit String 250 Rank Stochastic Uniform Gausian Scattered Forward 0.2 20 1e-10 500

Mutation Function Crossover Migration Function Migration Fraction Migration Interval Change tolerance Stall Generation

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G.A. Flow Chart

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Wind Turbine Placement Cases (Max. Power)

Layout No 4 5 6

Cost($) 19.960.950,0 19.162.477,0 18.364.008,0

Power (W) 8.241.200,0 7.924.600,0 7.616.000,0

Number of Turbines 25 24 23

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Wind Turbine Placement Cases (Max. Power/Cost Ratio)

Ratio Ranking Layout No 7 8 9 Cost($) 7.984.336,0 7.186.010,0 6.387.694,0 Power (W) 3.756.400,0 3.380.730,0 3.005.100,0 Power/cost ratio 0,402305798 0,402299767 0,402291593 Number of Turbines 10 9 8

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Energy Calculations of Wind Turbine

Wind Speed Probability T[h] P 0-3 0,0652 571,152 0 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0,0587 0,0714 0,0801 0,0847 0,0856 0,0833 0,0783 0,0713 514,212 5 625,464 25 701,676 60 741,972 110 749,856 180 729,708 275 685,908 400 624,588 555 P/Pr 0 Etotal (kWh) 0,00 0,006173 2.571,06 0,030864 15.636,60 0,074074 42.100,56 0,135802 81.616,92 0,222222 134.974,08 0,339506 200.669,70 0,493827 274.363,20 0,685185 346.646,34

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10

Different Approach For Energy Calculation

The method just multiplying the power of one turbine with weibull distribution calculated and the total hours in one year.

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Different Approach For Energy Calculation

where t=8725 hours

35 hours average for maintenance

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1st approach result is 3.237.807 kWh

Energy Production in a Year for Wind Farm Cases

Cases Number of Turbine Energy Production (KWh) 25 24 23 10 9 8 71.904.470 69.142.135 66.449.600 32.774.590 29.496.869 26.219.497

Layout 4 Layout 5 Layout 6 Layout 7 Layout 8 Layout 9

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Capacity Factor

The ratio of the ratio of the actual output of a power plant over a period of time and its output if it had operated at full rated capacity the entire time.

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Capacity Factor
Cases Energy Capacity Production (kWh) Factor (KWh) 71.904.470 176.681.250 0,406973 69.142.135 169.614.000 66.449.600 162.546.750 32.774.590 70.672.500 29.496.869 63.605.250 26.219.497 56.538.000 0,407644 0,408803 0,463753 0,463749 0,46375

Layout 4 Layout 5 Layout 6 Layout 7 Layout 8 Layout 9

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Economic Analysis

3 main concept for operational costs of a wind farm.

Operations and Maintenance

O&M cost in $ = 0.007/kWh * AEP

Land Lease Costs

LLC cost = $0.00108/kWh * AEP

LRC cost factor = $10.7/kW

Levelized Replacement Cost

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Operations Cost For Case Studies

Operations Levelized and Land Lease Replacemen Maintenance Cost ($ t Cost($ Total ($ /year) /year) /year) ($ /year) 229.422 35.397 40.193 305.012 206.478 31.857 36.174 274.509 183.536 28.317 32.155 244.008 503.331 77.657 88.181 669.169 483.995 74.674 84.793 643.462 465.147 71.766 81.491 618.404

Layout Layout Layout Layout Layout Layout 4/19/12

7 8 9 4 5 6

Costs For Next 20 Years

Investment Operational Total Cost ($) Cost ($) Cost ($) 19.960.950, 13.383.379 33.344.329 0 19.162.477, 12.869.233 32.031.710 0 18.364.008, 12.368.079 30.732.087 0 7.984.336,0 6.100.243 14.084.579 7.186.010,0 5.490.170 12.676.180 6.387.694,0 4.880.162 11.267.856

Layout 4 Layout 5 Layout 6 Layout 7 Layout 8 Layout 9

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Profits After 20 Years

Total Cost Annual ($) Revenue ($) Layout 4 Layout 5 Layout 6 Layout 7 Layout 8 Layout 9 33.344.32 9 32.031.71 0 30.732.08 7 14.084.57 9 12.676.18 0 11.267.85 6 20 Year Profit After Revenue 20 Years ($) ($) 5.033.313 100.666.25 67.321.929 8 4.839.949 96.798.989 64.767.279

4.651.472 93.029.440 62.297.353 2.294.221 45.884.426 31.799.847 2.064.781 41.295.617 28.619.437 1.835.365 36.707.297 25.439.441 1kWh=7c$

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Decision Making

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Thanks For LISTENING QUESTIONS

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