Property of Materials for Civil Engineering CES 21005 Department of Civil Engineering University of Indonesia

Aggregates
Heddy R Agah 2010

(1) Definition (3) Composition and Structures

(2) Classification

(4) Gradation

(5) Aggregate for ASPHALT CONCRETE

(6) Aggregate for CEMENT CONCRETE

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Definition
Materials (for construction) Inert material which, when bound together into a conglomerated mass by a matrix, form: -concrete, -mastic mortar, -plaster.

An aggregation of sand, gravel, crushed stone, slag or other material composition used in combination with a binding medium to form: bituminous and Portland cement, -concrete, -macadam, -mastic, mortar cement, -plaster, or alone as: -railroad ballast, -filter beds, and -various manufacturing processes such as fluxing

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Natural Aggregate Classification

Manufactured Aggregate

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Natural Aggregates
Taken from natural deposits without change in their nature during production, with the exception of crushing, sizing, grading or washing
Includes:
pumice, shells, iron ore, lime rock

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Manufactured Aggregates
Aggregates produced as a direct product, rather than as a by-product of a manufacturing process
Includes:
Blast furnace slag Clay Shale; Light weight aggregates
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Synthetic Artificial Aggregates

By-product of an industrial process
Product of process developed to manufactured aggregate with special properties Reclaimed or waste construction materials
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Classification based on Size

FINE
Aggregate passing 9.5mm (3/8) sieve, passing sieve no 4 (4.75mm) and predominantly retained on 75u (no 200) sieve Aggregate passing no 4 and retained on the no 200 (75um) sieve

COARSE
Aggregate predominantly retained on the no 4 sieve (for Portland Cement Concrete)
The no 8 or no 10 sieve (for bituminous concrete)

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Composition & Structures

Natural Aggregates
Consist of naturally occurring material of mineral composition Derived from rocks with single mineral or several different mineral

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IGNEOUS ROCK
NATURAL AGGREGATES SEDIMENTARY ROCK METAMORPHIC ROCK

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Composition & Structures

IGNEOUS ROCK
COOL MELTING FORMED (ABOVE OR BELOW THE EARTHS SURFACE) CONSISTS OF CRYSTAL OR MINERALS IN A CRYSTALLINE (OR GLOSSY) MATRIX SIZE IS A FUNCTION OF COOLING RATE
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Composition & Structures

SEDIMENTARY ROCK
FORMED BY THE CONSOLIDATION OF DEPOSITS, -

WEATHERING PRODUCTS AND EROSION OF ROCKS (EARTH SURFACE) LESS MECHANICAL COMPACTIONS

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Composition & Structures

METAMORPHIC ROCK
FORMED BY THE APPLICATION OF INTENSE HEAT AND PRESSURE TO SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

LESS POROUS, STRONG MATRIX (RECRYSTALLIZATION)

STRONGED AND LESS ANISOTROPIC COMPACTED TO SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

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ROCKS
IGNEOUS SEDIMENTARY

TYPE
Basalt Granite Shale Limestone Sandstone

Specific Gravity
2.6 3.0 2.6 3.0 2.0 2.7 2.3 2.8 2.2 2.7 2.6 2.9 2.6 2.8 2.6 2.7

POROSITY (% - vol)
50 200 100 250 10 100 35 250 20 175 100 200 100 250 100 - 300

METAMORPHIC State Marble Quartzite

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Principles and Procedures

The use and process:
QUALITY : high (estimate) COST : low (estimate)

The procedures:
Excavation Transportation Washing Crushing Sizing

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procedures
Processing plant

Site

Excavator: digging Removal of organic material (silt; clay; leaves; mud) Method: blasting; dragging; pumping
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Transportation (truck, rail, conveyor belt) Washing : before and/or after

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Sizing and screening

1. Sizing: by crusher
2. Proper and desirable size 3. Crusher type: size of designed aggregate

Sieve : vibratory screen

Set of sieves with designated diameter

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sieve
D

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Sieve analysis
X gram Retained = coarser
h

X gram coarser

X gram finer

X gram finer

(X- z) gram
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Grain distribution
100 80

% by weight finer

60

40

20

0 10 1 0.1 0.01 0.0.01

Diameter, log, mm 20 hra

End of session

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Aggregate gradation

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UNIFORM

G A P

CONTINUOUS
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Gradation and Aggregate Building

Aggregate gradation affects the workability of portland cement concrete mixes, and the stability and durability of bituminous concrete mixes, also affects the stability, drainage and frost resistance of base course

Aggregate grading: dense; gap; uniform; open graded

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Gradation and Aggregate Building

Fuller method:
P = 100 [ d/D] N p = percentage finer than sieve D = maximum size aggregate to be used (top size) d = sieve size in question N = coefficient of adjustment which adjusts the curve for fineness or coarseness

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Fuller curve
100 90 80

Percent finer by weight

70 60 50

40

30 20
10 0 10 1 0.1

n = 0.3 n = 0.5 n = 0.7

Diameter in mm log scale hra

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Fine aggregates limits

SIEVE SIZE
mm
9.50 4.75 2.36

PASSING
%
100 95 - 100 80 - 100

inch
3/8 No. 4 No. 8

1.18
600 mm 300 mm

No. 16
No. 30 No. 50

50 - 85
25 - 60 10 - 30

150 mm

No. 100

2 - 10

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Graphical distribution
Increasing cumulative percentage passing

CONTINUOUS

UNIFORM

GAP

Increasing particle size (sieve opening)

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Sieve test result

Sieve Size (mm)
4.75

no
4

Weight retained (gr)

0

% retained
0

Cumulative retained (%)

0

Cumulative passing (%)

100

2.36
1.18 0.60 0.30 0.15 pan

8
16 30 50 100

241.9
388.9 505.5 543.4 340.8 11.3

11.9
19.1 24.9 26.7 16.8 0.6

11.9
31.0 55.9 82.6 99.4 100.0

90.6
74.0 51.7 25.1 8.4 0

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Sieve Test Result

120 100

80

60

cumm retained cumm passing

40

20

0 no 4 no 8 no 16 no 30 no 50 no 100 pan

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TYPICAL GRADATION
Sieve designation
2 in 1 in in No. 4

Percent finer than

A
100 100 63 25

B
100 95 85 50

C
100 90 100 65 80 30 45

No. 10
No. 200

15
3

36
7

20 35
0-5

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TYPICAL GRADATION
120 100 80 60 40 20 0
2 in 1 in in No. 4
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a b c c1

No. 10

No. 200
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Binding aggregates (2 materials)

Percent aggregate A
0 20 40 60 80 100

1.5 Percent passing aggregate B

80 100

Percent passing aggregate A

3/4

No. 4

No. 10

No. 200
0 20 40 60

Percent aggregate B hra

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Aggregates Moisture Phase

Oven Dry

Air Dry

Saturated surface dry

Wet

Absorption Capacity

Surface moisture Effective Absorption

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Absorption Capacity

WSSD - WOD WOD WSSD - WAD WSSD

X 100

Effective Absorption

X 100

Moisture Content

WAGG - WOD WOD

X 100

Surface Moisture

WWET - WSSD
WSSD

X 100

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SPECIFIC GRAVITY
Ratio between mass (weight in air) to the mass of an equal volume of water (for a specific temperature)
WOD WSSD - WSW

Bulk Specific Gravity, Gb

Bulk Specific Gravity, Gbsd Saturated surface dry

WSSD
WSSD - WSW WOD

Apparent Specific Gravity, Ga

WOD - WSW

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Flexible Pavement

Asphalt concrete Base course

Sub Base course

Sub Grade

TYPICAL CROSS SECTION

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Aggregate for Pavement Base

GRADATION
PARTICLE STRENGTH PARTICLE SHAPE SURFACE TEXTURE
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Gradation

Fine

Medium

Coarse

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GRADATION
Gradation affects: stability, drainage, and frost susceptibility;

The type of gradation: dense graded (maximum stability), open graded (maximum drainage or frost protection);
The hardness of the aggregate (ie.; aggregate degradation)
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Aggregate without fines STRENGTH Grain to grain contact only

Void filled with fines Grain contact increase Resistance to deform increase Density increase

Void overfilling by fines Contact reduced the strength of mixture Aggregate float in fines Density decrease Practically impervious

DENSITY

Varies (relatively low) Pervious

STABILITY

High in confine structure Low in unconfined structure Hard to compact

High for confine and unconfined structure

Low stability

COMPACTION

Relatively easy to compact

No problem

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Particle Strength
To resist the load without breakdown, minimize degradation Requires: strength and toughness

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Particle Shape
Angular aggregate characteristics give aggregate interlock properties; increase the stability of open graded materials. Rounded aggregate:
Herrin and Goetz: crushing rounded gravels add significantly only to the stability of one size aggregate mixes, to open graded mixes a very little,
and to dense mixes not at all

Thin and elongated aggregate:

Size segregation; low strength

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Particle Texture (surface)

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Aggregate for Bituminous Mixture

Gradation and Size:
(High volume of traffic: dense graded aggr., with sufficient void to leave room for fine and asphalt)

Strength and Toughness:

To prevent aggregate breakdown under traffic and subsequent los of stability)

Particle shape
(angular aggr. gives aggr., interlock properties increasing stability of open graded materials)

Porosity
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Gradation for typical sand asphalt

Sieve designation passing Percentage of total by weight Grading A Grading B Grading C

No. 4 No. 10 No. 40 No. 80 No. 200 Bitumen

100
95 100 80 100 50 80 10 30 08 4.0 6.0

100
95 100 80 100 50 95 5 30 08 4.0 6.0

100
90 100 50 100 35 70 5 30 08 4.5 6.5

Note: Base course mixture

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Aggregate for PC Concrete

Aggregate gradation control workability of plastic concrete Aggregate used in PC concrete are blend of coarse and fine aggregate to achieve economical mix Aggregate coarse and fine are similar with aggregate for asphalt concrete, with and addition of the term of fineness modulus. The bond between the aggregate and the cementing materials of portland cement is influenced by surface texture, rough surface texture will increase bond strength.
i. Fineness modulus is the relative fineness of sand and defines as one-hundred of the sum of the cumulative percentage held on the standard sieves test of sand. ii. The smaller the value of the fineness modulus, the finer the sand. iii. The fineness modulus for food sand is between 2.25 and 3.25

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Aggregate & Quality of PC Concrete

Low and moderate strength
Play the role of a filler materials Not need high content of sand, cement and water cement ratio

High strength
Low water cement ratio provided for a high strength mortar High strength of aggregate required to prevent failure under design load

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Selected types
Weak aggregate:
Sandstone, soft shale, limestone Not sufficient strong to serve moderate concrete;

Hard aggregate:
Crushed granite This type is necessary for very high strength of concrete
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Surface texture

Particle size
Angularity Characteristics Porosity

Chemical composition

Thermal properties

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Bonding
Rough surface Higher strength Better bonding condition

Surface Texture

Smooth surface

Less water cement ratio Better bonding

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Particle shape
Angular
Need more mortar to fill voids Separate aggregate for workability Required more water content Rounded

Workability of plastic concrete

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Test Used for Concrete Mixes

Test Sampling aggregate Sieve analysis Specific gravity and absorption of coarse aggregate Purpose To sample fine and coarse aggregate To determine the particle size of fine and coarse aggregate to be used in various tests. To determine (ultimately) the solid volume of coarse aggregate and the unit volume of the dry rodded aggregate, weightvolume characteristics Bulk specific gravity is used to determine the volume occupied by the aggregate To determine the bulk and apparent specific gravity of fine aggregate as well as absorption. To determine the unit weight of fine, coarse or mixes aggregate.
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Specific gravity and absorption of fine aggregate Unit weight of aggregate

 This is end of session

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Assignment
1. Jenis batuan yang paling cocok untuk perkerasan jalan adalah igneous rock. Mohon komentar dan penjelasan mengenai keterangan tersebut. Bagaimana bentuk (shape) dari partikel mempengaruhi penggunaannya untuk: -beton semen; -beton aspal? Apa yang dimaksud dengan gradasi batuan?

2.

3.

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Assignment
1. Analisis saringan dari 1.000 gram batuan halus (fine) menghasilkan data sebagai berikut pada tabel. Mohon saudara gambarkan grafik gradasinya dan hitung modulus kehalusan (fineness modulus) dan apa saran saudara terhadap gradasi tersebut

Sieve Size Weight Retained (gr)

4 26

8 130

16 240

30 252

50 210

100 138

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1.

Pelajari dan gambarkan grafik gradasinya dari beberapa standar teknis (technical specification) mengacu kepada ASTM standar untuk gradasi batuan yang digunakan untuk: campuran beton aspal campuran beton semen

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