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Basicity of acid- the number of H+ per acid molecules Acid can be divided into;
Monoprotic acid Diprotic acid Triprotic acid
An acid which produced 1 hydrogen ion when 1 molecule of acid ionises in water NO3-
HNO3
H+
An acid which produced 2 hydrogen ions when 1 molecule of acid ionises in water SO4-2
H2SO4
2H+
An acid which produced 3 hydrogen ions when 1 molecule of acid ionises in water PO43-
H3PO4
3H+
A base is a chemical substance which ionises in water to produce free mobile OH-
OHOH-
Chemical substance which can react with an acid to form salt & water
Bases which are soluble in water are called alkalis. Potassium hydroxide
ammonia
Alkalis are bases which are soluble in water All alkalis are bases but not all bases are alkalis
Hydrochloric acid Nitric acid Ethanoic acid Methanoic acid Carbonic acid
Vinegar
To coagulate latex in the rubber industry Fizzy drinks
An acid only shows its acidic properties when water is present. Without water, pure acid (dry state) does not exhibit its acidic properties.
Because the dry acid consists of covalent molecules only. Dry acid also do not dissociate to form hydrogen ions. Thus, hydrogen ions are not present.
The dry gas consist of covalent molecules & do not have hydrogen ions
Because the presence of water in moist blue litmus enables these gas to react with + Water & produce H
No changes
Dry blue litmus paper
red
Aim : To investigate the role of water in showing the properties of acids. Hypothesis : An acid will only show its acidic properties when it is dissolved in water.
Variables : Manipulated: presence of water Responding : change colour of blue litmus paper. Fixed : types of acid and types of litmus paper.
An alkali only shows its alkaline properties when water is present. Without water, pure alkali (dry state) does not exhibit its alkaline properties.
When water is present, alkali will dissociate to produce free mobile OH-
discussion
In pure dry powder state, the hydroxide ions in barium hydroxide powder are arrange orderly at fixed positions. Thus dry barium hydroxide does not exhibit alkaline properties. In aqueous state or when water is present ,barium dissolves and ionises to produce hydroxide ions Thus barium hydroxide solution will exhibit alkaline properties
Hydrogen chloride molecules Hydrogen chloride molecules ionises. cannot ionises. Hydrogen and chloride ions Only hydrogen chloride are present. molecules are present. Mobile ions conduct electricity. There are no ions to conduct electricity
Dry ammonia
Dry red litmus paper
No changes
Dry ammonia
moist red litmus paper
blue
Have a sour taste. Give a pH value of less than 7. Chemical properties of acids;
They react with active metals to produce salt & hydrogen Mg + H2SO4 MgSO4 + H2 They release CO2 from carbonates CuCO3 + H2SO4 CuSO4
H2O + CO2
They react with bases & alkalis to form salt & water H2SO4 + Ca(OH)2 CaSO4 + 2H2O
+ H 2O
H 2O
When an alkali is heated with an ammonium salt, Ammonia gas is produced. (NH4)2SO4 + 2KOH K2SO4 + H2O + NH3
Colour of indicator
neutral purple
orange colourless green
acidic
Red Red Colourless red
Colour of indicator
neutral purple
orange colourless green
acidic
blue yellow pink blue
The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14 The higher concentration of H+ ions, The lower is the pH value.
At pH=7, concentration of H+ = concentration of OHThe stronger an acid, the lower is its pH value. The stronger an alkali, the higher is its pH value
Degree of dissociation/ ionization determines the strength of acid and alkali Acid that ionizes /dissociate completely in water to form high concentration of H+ ions. Degree of dissociation is 100%
Alkali that ionizes /dissociate completely in water to form high concentration of OH- ions. Degree of dissociation is 100%
Alkali that ionizes /dissociate partially in water to form low concentration of OH- ions. Degree of dissociation is below 100%
STRONG ACID
WEAK ACID
DISSOCIATE COMPLETELY
DISSOCIATE PARTIALLY
LOWER pH VALUE
HIGHER pH VALUE
STRONG ALKALI
WEAK ALKALI
DISSOCIATE COMPLETELY
DISSOCIATE PARTIALLY
HIGHER pH VALUE
LOWER pH VALUE