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Connectionless simple sending of data with NO guarantee that it will be received. Like a letter in the mail, e.g. IP Connection-oriented each packets successful receipt acknowledged by recipient, e.g. TCP Routable uses network addresses & can be used in large networks e.g. TCP/IP, IPX/SPX Non-routable uses hardware addresses (MAC addresses) & can only be used in small LANs, e.g. NetBEUI
Transport Layer
TCP transmission control protocol, connection oriented
TCP/IP cont.
Network Layer
IP Internet protocol, handles all addressing and routing, connectionless, fast but unreliable ARP address resolution protocol, maps hardware addresses to IP addresses ICMP internet control message protocol, detects network error conditions & warns IP to avoid certain network areas RIP routing information protocol determines shortest path between sender & receiver (counts hops) OSPF open shortest path first like RIP but with less overhead.
TCP/IP cont.
Data Link Layer
ODI open driver interface, seen in Novell nets, allows multiple protocol stacks to use same NIC. NDIS network driver interface specification, seen in Microsoft nets, also allows multiple protocol stacks to use the same NIC.
IP Addressing
Within TCP/IP nets, each computer is assigned a 32-bit IP address, e.g. 192.168.24.123
Four decimal numbers from 0 to 255
Part of an IP address represents the networks address & the other part represents the address of a specific computer on that network.
Similar to area code & phone number
IP Addressing cont.
Subnet Mask sets which part of the IP address is network & which part is for a specific computer on the network (host). Three Classes of Subnet Mask
Class A 255.0.0.0 for very large nets, the first 3 digits are for the network, the rest for individual machines on that net Class B 255.255.0.0 for medium size nets Class C 255.255.255.0 for small nets, the first 9 digits are for the network, the rest for individual machines maximum 255.
IP Addressing cont.
Each IP address must be unique within an entire TCP/IP net. If your net is local or private only, then you can choose any range of IP addresses you want. If you connect to the Internet, your ISP will provide a valid range of IP addresses to use. DHCP dynamic host configuration protocol, provides a way to dynamically assign IP addresses to clients.
IPX/SPX
Used in Novell Netware networks
Top 3 layers of OSI model
SAP service advertising protocol (print servers) NCP netware core protocol file sharing
Transport Layer
NCP also operates here SPX sequenced packet exchange connection-oriented protocol
Network Layer
IPX internetwork packet exchange all addressing & routing, connectionless, is fast but unreliable RIP like RIP in TCP/IP, finds the shortest path
IPX/SPX cont.
Data Link Layer
ODI open data-link interface, allows IPX to work with any NIC When used with Ethernet, all computers must use the identical frame type or communication will not be possible.
Default in NetWare 2.x & 3.x is Ethernet 802.3 Default in NetWare 4.x & higher is Ethernet 802.2
Microsoft Networking
Top 2 layers of OSI model
Redirector makes remote resources appear local SMB server message block provides peer-to-peer communication between redirector on client and server software
Session Layer
NetBIOS network basic input output system, establishes sessions between computers & maintains those connections. NetBIOS identifies each computer on a net with a 15character name which must be unique within the net and is associated with the computers MAC address.
Other Protocols
Other than the most common: TCP/IP, IPX/SPX, NetBEUI AppleTalk no detail on this DECnet from Digital Equipment Company. Is routable and closely follows the OSI model. typically found not in PC nets but in larger nets integrating mini & mainframe computers.
Configuring Protocols
For windows products use the network control panel (may be named slightly differently depending on version of windows). Sometimes plug & play will install & configure protocols for you. Need administrator privileges to install/uninstall and configure protocols & the subnet mask