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Part : ntroduction
at is an O/S?
A layer oI
abstraction between
the HW and SW
A resource
coordinator
Virtual machine
Reactive system
O11Iine Pr4cessing
llowed jobs to be read ahead of time onto tape
ard
Reader
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ine
printer
ard
Reader
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ine
printer
Tape
Drive
Tape
Drive
Tape
Drive
Tape
Drive
n-line processing
11-line processing
Hist4ry: Sp44Iing
llowed jobs to be read ahead onto disk
Spool (Simultaneous Peripheral Operation On-
Line)
ard
Reader
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ine
printer
disk
MuItipr4grammed Systems
Multiprogrammed batch systems provided
increased utilization
Keeps several jobs in memory simultaneously
/O processing of one job overlaps with computation
of another
nalogy: Lawyer working on several cases; while
waiting to go to trial on one, can work on another
Needs CPU scheduling
Timesaring/MuItitasking Systems
Timesharing supported
interactive use
Each user feels as if
he/she has the entire
machine
Tries to optimize
response time
Based on time-slicing;
divide CPU equally
among others
Deskt4p Systems
First appeared in the 1970s
More popularly known as personal computers
(PCs)
Breakthroughs in hardware allowed downsizing
from expensive mainframes
MuItipr4cess4r Systems
lso known as parallel systems or tightly-coupled
systems
Three main advantages
ncreased throughput (more CPUs = more work in less time)
Economy of scale (saves money, CPUs share peripherals)
ncreased reliability (provides redundancy and fault tolerance)
Symmetric multiprocessing (SMP): ll CPUs do the
same thing
symmetric multiprocessing: each CPU has specific
role (usually master-slave)
Distributed (L44seIy-C4upIed)
Systems
Facilitates use of geographically distributed computing resources
Supports communications between parts of a job or different jobs
Supports sharing of distributed resources, both hardware and
software
Client-server systems vs. Peer-to-peer systems
CIustered Systems
Makes several CPUs work together to accomplish
computational task
Most likely share storage and linked through a local
area network (LN)
Possible clustering schemes:
Symmetric mode (two or more hosts running applications and
monitoring each other)
symmetric clustering (one is in hot standby mode while
another is running applications; switches to backup if active
fails)
HandeId Systems
Used in PDs and cellular phones
Common concerns:
Limited main memory
Processor speed
Small display screens
M4n4Iitic
Easy to implement
"The Big Mess
virtually no structure!
Kernel is one large
structure
Each procedure is visible
to every other procedure
Not used anymore
Layered
Not easy to implement
because some
functionalities are
mutually dependent.
nefficient because it
requires a high number
of traversals of
interfaces
'irtuaI Macine
Each user has a
"virtual machine and
he can choose which
OS to run on that
machine
Elegant, but does not
deal with questions of
resource management
and responsiveness
Nor-v|rlua| Vacr|re v|rlua| Vacr|re
(a)
processes
hardware
kernel
(b)
processes
hardware
virtual machine
programming
interface
processes
processes
kernel kernel kernel
Micr4kerneI
Used in Mac/OSF/NT
Takes out as much
functionality as possible
from kernel -- allows
modularity and portability
across platforms
nteractions between
processes involve the
kernel, thereby requiring
high efficiency in transfer