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Computer and Information Technology for (HKCEE) Module D

3.1 Bits and Bytes 3.7 Converting Graphics from O


3.2 Pixels and Resolution of 3.8
Graphics Constructing Simple Vecto
3.3 Colour Depth of Graphics 3.9 Capturing Still Images
3.4 Colour Model of Graphics 3.10 Editing and Processing of
3.5 Different Graphic File
Formats
3.6 Making Graphic Elements
Fit Our Needs
Computer and Information
Technology for (HKCEE)
Module D: Part A

3.1 Bits and Bytes


Bit
the smallest possible unit of data storage in a
computer system
represented by “0” or “1”
the abbeviation of bit is “b”
with every extra bit, the number of combinations
is doubled

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© Longman Hong Kong Education
Computer and Information
Technology for (HKCEE)
Module D: Part A

3.1 Bits and Bytes


The relationship between the number of bits
and the number of possible combinations

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© Longman Hong Kong Education
Computer and Information
Technology for (HKCEE)
Module D: Part A

3.1 Bits and Bytes


Byte
a group of 8 bits
the abbreviation of byte is “B”
1 byte = 8 bits
A total of 28 = 256 combinations

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© Longman Hong Kong Education
Computer and Information
Technology for (HKCEE)
Module D: Part A

3.1 Bits and Bytes


Units used to define memory and storage
sizes

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© Longman Hong Kong Education
Computer and Information
Technology for (HKCEE)
Module D: Part A

3.2 Pixels and Resolution of Graphics


Pixels
the logical basic unit of colour
15 pixels

pixel graphical
resolution
14 pixels = 15 × 14
= 210 pixels

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© Longman Hong Kong Education
Computer and Information
Technology for (HKCEE)
Module D: Part A

3.2 Pixels and Resolution of Graphics


Screen resolution
the number of pixels contained on a monitor screen
resolution = (the number of pixels on the horizontal
axis × the number of pixels on the vertical axis )
under the same pixel resolution
smaller monitor  sharper
larger monitor lose sharpness

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© Longman Hong Kong Education
Computer and Information
Technology for (HKCEE)
Module D: Part A

3.2 Pixels and Resolution of Graphics


The same software running under different
screen resolutions
the larger the resolution, the smaller the toolbars
and panels will be.

640 × 480
800 × 600
1024 × 768
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© Longman Hong Kong Education
Computer and Information
Technology for (HKCEE)
Module D: Part A

3.3 Colour Depth of Graphics


Colour depth
the number of bits used for each pixel on a
computer screen
the maximum number of colours available in an
image
the number of colours that can be represented in
each pixel increases with the colour depth

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© Longman Hong Kong Education
Computer and Information
Technology for (HKCEE)
Module D: Part A

3.3 Colour Depth of Graphics

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© Longman Hong Kong Education
Computer and Information
Technology for (HKCEE)
Module D: Part A

3.3 Colour Depth of Graphics

colour depth = 1 bit colour depth = 4 bit

1 bit colour palette


4 bit colour palette

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© Longman Hong Kong Education
Computer and Information
Technology for (HKCEE)
Module D: Part A

3.3 Colour Depth of Graphics

colour depth = 8 bit colour depth = 24 bit

8 bit colour palette 24 bit colour palette

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© Longman Hong Kong Education
Computer and Information
Technology for (HKCEE)
Module D: Part A

3.4 Colour Model of Graphics


Colour model
describes the way in which colours are
reproduced and identified in an image
Common colour models
RGB
CMYK
indexed colour
greyscale

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© Longman Hong Kong Education
Computer and Information
Technology for (HKCEE)
Module D: Part A

3.4 Colour Model of Graphics


RGB (Red Green Blue)
three primary colours of
light (red, green and blue)
mix in different proportions
also called “additive”
colours
used to reproduce colours
in computer monitors and
TV display

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© Longman Hong Kong Education
Computer and Information
Technology for (HKCEE)
Module D: Part A

3.4 Colour Model of Graphics


Some common colours and their RGB
values

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© Longman Hong Kong Education
Computer and Information
Technology for (HKCEE)
Module D: Part A

3.4 Colour Model of Graphics


CMYK
based on the light-absorbing quality of ink
printed on paper
Cyan
Magenta
Yellow
BlacK

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© Longman Hong Kong Education
Computer and Information
Technology for (HKCEE)
Module D: Part A

3.4 Colour Model of Graphics


CMYK
each pixel is assigned a percentage value
for each of the 4 inks
commonly used in desktop publishing and
the printing industry

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© Longman Hong Kong Education
Computer and Information
Technology for (HKCEE)
Module D: Part A

3.4 Colour Model of Graphics


Some common colours and their CMYK
values

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© Longman Hong Kong Education
Computer and Information
Technology for (HKCEE)
Module D: Part A

3.4 Colour Model of Graphics


Indexed colour
also called indexed 256 colour model
reduce the file size by reducing the number
of colour to a maximum of 256
commonly used in multimedia applications
colour information can be well preserved if
the 256 colours are carefully selected

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© Longman Hong Kong Education
Computer and Information
Technology for (HKCEE)
Module D: Part A

3.4 Colour Model of Graphics


Greyscale
Grey is the colour produced by mixing
different proportions of black and white
8 bit greyscale image has a brightness
value from 0 to 255

RGB 24 bit image greyscale image


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© Longman Hong Kong Education
Computer and Information
Technology for (HKCEE)
Module D: Part A

3.5 Different Graphic File Formats

Bitmap
graphics graphics stored
as a grid of
pixels

describe images with


Vector geometric object
graphics composed of straight
lines, ovals and arcs

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© Longman Hong Kong Education
Computer and Information
Technology for (HKCEE)
Module D: Part A

3.5.1 Bitmap Graphics


Bitmap Graphics
graphics stored as a grid of pixels
each pixel assigned a particular colour value
depending on the colour model used
BMP
JPEG
GIF
TIFF
PNG

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© Longman Hong Kong Education
Computer and Information
Technology for (HKCEE)
Module D: Part A

3.5.1 Bitmap Graphics 8 pixels


1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1
1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1
1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1
pixels
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
8 off
1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1
pixels 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1
pixels
1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1
on
1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1

An 8×8 black-and-white bitmap as appeared on screen


(left) and in computer’s memory (right)
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© Longman Hong Kong Education
Computer and Information
Technology for (HKCEE)
Module D: Part A

3.5.1 Bitmap Graphics


the colour information is fixed
the greater the magnification, the lower the image
quality will be

1X
2X
4X

8X
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© Longman Hong Kong Education
Computer and Information
Technology for (HKCEE)
Module D: Part A

3.5.1 Bitmap Graphics


BMP
the bitmap file format used in Windows
environment
colour depth: 1, 4, 8 and 24 bits
stored in a device-independent bitmap (DIB) format
Bitmap compression is possible with BMP files
using a simple run-length encode format (RLE)

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© Longman Hong Kong Education
Computer and Information
Technology for (HKCEE)
Module D: Part A

3.5.1 Bitmap Graphics


JPEG
Joint Photographic Experts Group
support high compression ratio
lossy compression
reduce the size of a file by permanently eliminating
certain information, especially redundant information

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© Longman Hong Kong Education
Computer and Information
Technology for (HKCEE)
Module D: Part A

3.5.1 Bitmap Graphics

•High quality(90%) •Medium quality(50%) •Low quality(90%)


•Low compression ratio •Medium compression ratio •High compression ratio

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© Longman Hong Kong Education
Computer and Information
Technology for (HKCEE)
Module D: Part A

3.5.1 Bitmap Graphics


GIF
Graphics Interchange Format
developed by CompuServe
Lossless compression
every single bit of data that was originally in the file
remains after the file is compressed
Lossy compression can achieve much higher
compression ratio than lossless compression
support transparent background

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© Longman Hong Kong Education
Computer and Information
Technology for (HKCEE)
Module D: Part A

3.5.1 Bitmap Graphics


GIF
support multiple images per file
when loaded in a browser the multiple images will
be displayed sequentially, producing an animation

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© Longman Hong Kong Education
Computer and Information
Technology for (HKCEE)
Module D: Part A

3.5.1 Bitmap Graphics


GIF
more suitable for text-based graphic than JPEG

edges are blurred edges are sharper

Text-based graphics Text-based graphics


stored in JPEG format stored in GIF format

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© Longman Hong Kong Education
Computer and Information
Technology for (HKCEE)
Module D: Part A

3.5.1 Bitmap Graphics


PNG
Portable Network Graphics
the primary successor of GIF format
lossless compression
support slightly higher compression ratio and true
colour graphics
different degrees of colour transparency can be set
animation is not supported

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© Longman Hong Kong Education
Computer and Information
Technology for (HKCEE)
Module D: Part A

3.5.1 Bitmap Graphics


TIFF
Tag Image File Format
developed by Aldus Corporation
a common format for exchanging bitmaps between
application programs
the native image format in scanner software
commonly used in desktop publishing, fax software
and 3D application
record all the characteristics of the image
support various compression modes

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© Longman Hong Kong Education
Computer and Information
Technology for (HKCEE)
Module D: Part A

3.5.2 Vector Graphics


Vector Graphics
describe images with geometric objects composed
of straight lines, ovals and arcs
properties:
magnitude
direction
Viewing transformation
all mathematical formulas are read and computed to
display a temporary bitmap image on the screen

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© Longman Hong Kong Education
Computer and Information
Technology for (HKCEE)
Module D: Part A

3.5.2 Vector Graphics


Advantages of using vector graphics
size and shape can be easily changed without
losing image quality
file size can be smaller than those of bitmaps

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© Longman Hong Kong Education
Computer and Information
Technology for (HKCEE)
Module D: Part A

3.6 Making Graphic Elements Fit Our


Needs
Bitmaps versus vector graphics

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© Longman Hong Kong Education
Computer and Information
Technology for (HKCEE)
Module D: Part A

3.6 Making Graphic Elements Fit Our


Needs
Bitmaps versus vector graphics

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© Longman Hong Kong Education
Computer and Information
Technology for (HKCEE)
Module D: Part A

The characteristics of BMP, JPEG, GIF, PNG and TIFF


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© Longman Hong Kong Education
Computer and Information
Technology for (HKCEE)
Module D: Part A

3.7 Converting Graphics from One File


Type to Another
Bitmap can be converted to vector graphics by
fitting appropriate mathematical formula to
describe the bitmap outline
Vector graphics can be exported as bitmaps
with user-defined resolution

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© Longman Hong Kong Education
Computer and Information
Technology for (HKCEE)
Module D: Part A

3.8 Constructing Simple Vector Graphics


Advantages of vector
graphics
small file size
resolution independent
useful in badge or logo
design

Macromedia Flash layout

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© Longman Hong Kong Education
Computer and Information
Technology for (HKCEE)
Module D: Part A

3.9 Capturing Still Images


Scanner
convert photos and printed materials such as
books or magazines into digital form
Types of scanner

flat bed scanner handheld scanner


sheet feed scanner
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© Longman Hong Kong Education
Computer and Information
Technology for (HKCEE)
Module D: Part A

3.9 Capturing Still Images


Scanning resolution
e.g. 600 × 1200 dpi
x-direction sampling rate = 600 dpi
y-direction sampling rate = 1200 dpi
The required scanning resolution depends on:
Resolution of the output device
Printed matter: high resolution
Screen display: low resolution
Size of object
small object: high resolution
large object: low resolution
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© Longman Hong Kong Education
Computer and Information
Technology for (HKCEE)
Module D: Part A

3.9 Capturing Still Images


Digital camera
the photos taken are directly stored in digital format
Resolution of digital camera
measured in pixels or megapixels
common resolution: 1 to 5 megapixels

A 5 megapixel camera

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© Longman Hong Kong Education
Computer and Information
Technology for (HKCEE)
Module D: Part A

3.9 Capturing Still Images


Common image size available in typical
megapixel cameras

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© Longman Hong Kong Education
Computer and Information
Technology for (HKCEE)
Module D: Part A

3.9 Capturing Still Images


Memory card
store images taken by digital
camera
Memory Stick

Compact Flash Smart Media


Multimedia Card
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© Longman Hong Kong Education
Computer and Information
Technology for (HKCEE)
Module D: Part A

3.9 Capturing Still Images


Screen-capture software
capture what is on the computer screen, or some
windows within software programs for presentation
purpose
e.g. SnagIt
Print Screen
Press the “Print Screen” key to capture the full
screen content to Windows clipboard

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© Longman Hong Kong Education
Computer and Information
Technology for (HKCEE)
Module D: Part A

3.10 Editing and Processing of


Graphical Images
Image editors

Ulead PhotoImpact

Adobe Photoshop
Macromedia Fireworks
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© Longman Hong Kong Education
Computer and Information
Technology for (HKCEE)
Module D: Part A

3.10 Editing and Processing of


Graphical Images
Common functions found in image editors to
alter parameters of images
brightness control
sharpness control
trimming
resizing
applying graphics filters

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© Longman Hong Kong Education
Computer and Information Technology for (HKCEE) Module D

END

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