Chapter -1 Fundamental of Chemistry

There are three fundamental particles posses in an atom named Electron, Proton and Neutron respectively.

Electron

It was discovered by J.J. Thomson. It is a negatively charged particle. Its mass is 9.108x10-31 kg.

Proton

It is a positively charged particle. Its mass is 1.672.10-19kg.

Neutron

It was discovered by Chadwick. It is neutrally charged particle. Its mass is equal to proton.

Atomic Nucleus

The central part of an atom which consists proton and neutron is called as Atomic Nucleus.

Atomic Number

The number of planetary electrons in an atom is called as Atomic Number.

Mass Number

The sum of the number of Protons and Neutron is called as Mass number.

Bohrs Atomic Model

Electrons in an atom revolve round the nucleus in circular orbits. The circular orbits are stationary and having constant energy. Emission or absorption of energy by electron will be in quanta. While doing so electron jumps from one orbit to other. The energy emitted or absorbed will be equal to the difference in energies of the two orbits. The angular momentum of the electron revolving in a stationary orbit is equal to integral multiples of h/2. mvr =nh/2

Limitations of Bohrs Atomic Model

Bohrs theory could not explain the atomic spectra of higher elements such as He,Li,Be,B,Cwhich have more than one electron. Bohrs theory did not provide any explanation for union of atoms to form molecules. Bohrs theory could not explain the Zeeman Effect. Bohrs model could not justify the quantization of angular momentum.

Quantum Numbers

Quantum numbers are used for knowing the position, energy, angular momentum, shape, etc of an atom. There are four types of Quantum Numbers: Principle Quantum Number (n) Azimuthal Quantum Number (l) Magnetic Quantum Number (m) Spin Quantum Number (s)

Principal Quantum Number(n)

Principal quantum number gives thew size and energy of the orbit and indicates the main energy level. It has values 1,2,3,4,.and are also indicated by K,L,M,N

Azimuthal Quantum Number()

Azimuthal quantum number indicates the number of possible sub-levels in each energy level. can take values from O to (n-1)a total n values where n is the principal quantum number. Values of =(0,1,2,3) are donated by s,p,d,f.

Magnetic Quantum Number(m)

m determines the orientation of orbits in space. It also gives the number of orbitals in each sub level. The permitted values are depending upon the l. For a given value of the values of magnetic quantum number are given by - or + including O.

Spin Quantum Number(s)

Spin quantum number(s) is due to spinning of e- . The e- spin may be either in the clockwise () or anticlockwise direction ().

Paulis Exclusion Principle

No two electrons of the dame atoms can have the same values for all the quantum numbers.

Aufbau Principle

According to Aufbaus principle e- tend to occupy orbitals of minimum energy and the orbitals with lower energy are filled first before filling of orbitals having higher energy starts.

Hunds rule

Pairing of e- takes place when all the available degenerate orbitals are occupied by one e- each.

Orbit

Orbit is a circular path followed by revolving e- around the nucleus. The distance of the orbit from the nucleus for a given e- is fixed. Orbit has 2D representation. Orbits are circular in shape.

Orbital

Orbital is a region of space around the nucleus of the atom where an e- is most likely to be found. It is impossible to know the exact position of an e- in an orbital of an atom. Orbital has 3D representation. Orbital have different shapes like sphere, dumb-bell etc.

Modern Periodic Table

The modern periodic table consists of horizontal rows called periods and vertical columns called groups.

Periods

There are 7 periods. First three are called short period. The fourth and fifth period is called long periods. The sixth period is called very long period. The seventh period is incomplete. General characteristics of periods:

Same number of shells of electrons. Period ends with inert gas. Gradual change in property. Change in valency.

Groups

There are 9 groups from 0 to VIII group. The 0 group contains inert gases. In the long periods, the group I to VII are further subdivided into A and B families. General characteristics of groups: Valences are same. Similarity in properties. Gradual Change in properties in some elements.

Chemical Bonding

When two atoms tend to remain together than separate from each other, they are said to be in chemical bonding with each other.

Electronic Theory of Valency

According to electronic theory of valency, the valency of an element depends on the number of electron present in the outermost orbit of the atom of the element known as valance electron.

Types of Bonds

Ionic Bond Covalent Bond Co-Ordinate Covalent Bond Metallic Bond

Ionic Bond

Ionic bonds are made by the transfer of the electron from one atom to another. Example: - The atomic number of Sodium (Na) is 11. So its electronic configuration is 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1. Also the atomic number Chlorine (Cl) is 17. So its electronic configuration is 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5. The Na atom loses one electron to the Cl atom. In doing so Na atom acquires a unit positive charge while Cl atom acquires a unit of negative charge. These two oppositely charged atoms attracts each other and forms an Ionic Bond as NaCl.

Ionic Compound

Ionic compounds are made by the transfer of the electron from one atom to another. They conduct electricity in a fused state. They show isomerism. They are usually liquids o gases in room temperature.

Covalent Bond

Covalent bonds are made by mutual sharing of electrons. Example: - Oxygen atom has 6 electrons in its outer most orbit. In the formation of Oxygen 2 atoms of Oxygen contributes one electron each for sharing and thus acquire a stable configuration as O2.

Covalent Compound

Covalent compounds are made by mutual sharing of electrons. They doesnt conduct electricity. They dont show isomerism. They are usually solids.