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Stern-Gerlach
11922
S
2
I.
II.
3
MB (Z),
U M B MBz cos
Z
Bz
U
Fz
M
cos
z
z
cos -1+1
cos=-1 +1
S =0
()
5893
5890 5896
1924Pauli
3p3/2
3p
D1
5893
3s
58
96
3p1/2
D2
58
90
3s1/2
(
1925Uhlenbeck Goudsmit
1
Sz
e
MS
S
e
ML
L
2
MSz
MB
2
Bohr
1
MSz
Sz
e
ML
L
2
e
2
c 2
200MeV fm
5
v~
10
rm rmc 2
10 3 fm 0.5 MeV
2
3
F F (r , p)
L L i L
,L
] i L
[L
x
S S i S
,S
] i S
[S
,L
] i L
[L
y
z
x
,S
] i S
[S
y
z
x
,L
] i L
[L
z
x
y
,S
] i S
[S
z
x
y
/2
S x
S y
S z
/2[/2]2
S 2
L2 l (l 1) 2
s
3
2
S 2 S x2 S y2 S z2 4
3 2
S s( s 1)
4
2
1
s
2
Pauli
1. Pauli S
2
2.
2i
S S iS
[ S x , S y ] iS z
[ S y , S z ] iS x
[ S z , S x ] iS y
[ x , y ] x y y x 2i z
[ y , z ] y z z y 2i x
[ z , x ] z x x z 2i y
z2 1
x y y x 0
y z z y 0
z x x z 0
y z z y 2i x
y z y z y 2i x y
y y z y z y 2i y x
y z y z 2i x y
y2=1
z y z y 2i y x
x y y x 0
x y y x i z
y z z y i x
z x x z i y
1z
x y z i
3. Pauli
1 0
z S z
2
2 0 1
xy
a
x
c
1 0 a
0 1 c
0 b
x
c 0
0 c*
c 0
d
b a b 1 0
d c d 0 1
1 0
z
0 1
z x x z
a b a b
c d c d
0 b
0
b
0
c
x x *
c 0 b 0 c 0
*
*
2
x2 = I 2 0 c 0 c | c | 0 I
x
c 0 c 0 0 | c |2
c = exp[ia]
(a
0 e ia
x ia
0
e
a 0
d 0
b = c*
(c = b*)
| c |2 1
i y z x
y i z x
1
y i
0
0
ia
e
e ia 0
0 e i (a )
e i (a )
a=0Pauli
0 1
x
1
0
0 i
y
i
0
1 0
z
0
Pauli
0 1
S x
2 1 0
0 i
S y
2i 0
1 0
S z
2 0 1
[1] e
i ja
cosa i j sina
j x, y, z ,
1e i ja 1 i 1 ( i ) 2 1 ( i ) 3 1 ( i )4
ja
ia
ja
ia
2!
3!
4!
1 2 1 4
1 3 1 5
1 a a i j (a a a )
2!
4!
3!
5!
cos a i j sina
2j n 1, 2j n1 j , i 2 1, i 4 1, i 3 i ,
e x , sina , cos a
2 de
i j a
da
e
i ja
i j e
i j a
A cos a B sina
a 0A=1B=ij
i ja
2 i j a
d e
i j a
2 i j a
e
j
da 2
i a
de j
i j a
i j e A sina B cos a
da
cosa i j sina
[2]
( A)( B) A B i ( A B)
A, B , A, B
( A) ( B ) ( x Ax y Ay z Az )( x B x y B y z Bz )
x2 Ax B x y2 Ay B y z2 Az Bz x z Ax Bz z x Az B x
y z Ay Bz z y Az B y x y Ax B y y x Ay B x
Ax B x Ay B y Az Bz i y ( Az B x Ax Bz )
i x ( Ay Bz Az B y ) i z ( Ax B y Ay B x )
A B i ( A B )
( x , y , z , S z , t )
SZ /2
(
r
,
t
)
(
x
,
y
,
z
,
,t)
1
( r , t ) ( x , y , z , , t )
2
Sz = /2
Sz = -/2
1 ( r , t )
2 ( r , t )
Sz=/2Sz=-/2
( r , t )
1 1
2
0
1
2
2 ( r , t )
1 SZ
SZ
21
22
a b
S z
2c d
1/2 SZ /21/2 SZ /2
Sz 1 2 1
2
a 1 1
c 1 0
a 1
c 0
a b 0
0
2 c d 2 ( r , t )
2 2 ( r , t )
SZ
Sz
1 0
2 0 1
a
b
(
r
,
t
)
(
r
1
1 , t )
2c d 0 2 0
1/2
b 2 0
d 2 2
b 0
d 1
SZ
/2
1 ( r , t )
2 ( r , t )
1 ( r , t )
*
*
2
2
[|
2 ]d 1
1
1 2 2 (r, t )
( r , t ) | 1 |2 | 2 |2 1 ( r , t ) 2 ( r , t )
t r
Sz = /2
1 (r , t )d
t r
Sz= /2
Sz = /2
2 (r , t )d
t
r
Sz = /2
3
G Sz 22
G11 G12
G
G21 G22
G11 G12 1
*
*
* *
G G 1 2
1
2
G21 G22 2
G11 1 G12 2
G21 1 G22 2
G d
*
1
G11 G12 1
d
G21 G22 2
4
,12,
1, 2
()
(r , S z , t ) (r , t ) ( S z )
1
1
0
1 2 1 1 / 2 2 1 / 2
0
1
2
(Sz)
SZ
S z ( S z ) ( S z )
2
( S z ) ( S z )
1
2
1
2
2
2
(
S
)
1 ( Sz )
1
z
z
2 2
S 1 ( S ) 1 ( S )
z
z
z
2
2 2
Sz 22 S2,Sz
1/2, -1/2 21
a1
1
2
a2
1
2
a3
a4
2 0
a a1
a1 a1
1
a 2 0
a2 a2
a1 a1
a2 2 a2
a1
1
1
2
*
1
a1
0 1 | a1 | 1 a1 1
0
1
2
1
2
1
1 0 1 0
2
0
C1 C 2
1
2
1
2
C1
C2
1 1
1 / 2 y 1 / 2
x 1 / 2
1 0 0 1
i
x 1 / 2 1 / 2 ,
y 1 / 2 i 1 / 2 ,
x 1 / 2 1 / 2 ,
y 1 / 2 i 1 / 2 ,
1 / 2 ( x y ) 1 / 2 0,
i 1 0
i 1 / 2
0 0 i
z 1/ 2 1/ 2
z 1 / 2 1 / 2
1 / 2 ( x y ) 1 / 2 2 1 / 2
j=1/2
S 1 / 2
S 1 / 2
1 / 2 0,
2
1 / 2 1 / 2
2
S z
1Sn
S n S x cos a S y cos S z cos
0 1
0 i
1 0
cos a
cos
cos
2 1 0
2i 0
2 0 1
cos
cos a i cos
2 cos a i cos
cos
c1
Sn(/2),
c2
c
cos
cos a i cos c
cos a i cos
cos
1
1
c2
c2
cos
cos a i cos
cos a i cos
0
cos
Sn(/2)
2
(1)
cos c1 (cosa i cos )c2 0
( 2)
(cosa i cos )c1 cos c2 0
12
12
cos a i cos
c2
c1 ,
cos 1
1
c2
c1
c1 cos a i cos
c2
cos 1
cos 2 a cos 2
c1 1
(1 cos ) 2
c1
1
1 cos
2
1 cos
1 cos 2
c1
c1 cos a i cos
c2
cos 1
cos 2 a cos 2
c1 1
(1 cos )2
c1
,
1
cos a i cos
1 cos
cos a i cos
c1 ,
cos 1
1 cos
2
1 cos
,
1
cos a i cos
1 cos
2Sz
1
1 cos
2
cos a i cos
1 cos
1 cos
2
1
1 cos cos a i cos
0
2
1 cos
1 cos
1 cos cos a i cos
1/ 2
1 / 2
2
2
1 cos
Sz
/2
/2
1 cos
2
1 cos
0
1
2
1 cos
2
(1 cos ) 2
1 cos
2
1 cos 1 cos
Sz
( ) cos
2
2
2
2
2
1 cos
2
cos a i cos
1 cos
1 cos
2
1
1 cos cos a i cos
0
2
1 cos
1 cos
1 cos cos a i cos
1/ 2
1 / 2
2
2
1 cos
/2
/2
Sz
1 cos
2
1 cos
2
Sz
0
1
2
1 cos
2
(1 cos ) 2
1 cos
2
1 cos 1 cos
( ) cos
2
2
2
2
2
C1
C1
S n
C2
C2
cosa
cosa i cos C1
C1
cosa
cosa i cos
C2
C2
cos
cosa i cos
0
cosa i cos
cos
1
C1 C2 1
2
C1
1
0
C1 C2 C1S C2 S
0
1
C2
2
2
2
2
S z C1 C2
2
2
7-2 7-57-7 7-12
J 1 J 1 i J 1
[J1 , J 2 ] 0
J 2 J 2 iJ 2
2
[ J , J 1 ] 0, [ J 2 , J 2 ] 0
2
1
J J 1 J 2
1.
2. J J iJ
[J x , J y ] [J1 x J 2 x , J1 y J 2 y ]
[J1 x , J1 y ] [J1 x , J 2 y ] [J 2 x , J1 y ] [J 2 x , J 2 y ]
i ( J 1 z J 2 z ) i J z
[J , J ] 0
2
J 2 ,
J x J x 2 J y 2 J z 2 ,
J x 2 ,
J x J y 2 ,
0 J y J y ,
J x J y ,
J x
J x J z 2 ,
J x
J x J y J z J z ,
J x J z ,
iJ y J z iJ z J y iJ z J y iJ y J z
J x J z
3.
JJ2Ji2
2
2
2
2
[ J , J i ] 0,
i 1,2
[J1 , J ] [J1 , J1 ] [J1 , J 2 ] 0
2
2
2
2
J ( J 1 J 2 ) J 1 J 2 2J 1 J 2
[ J , J ] 0,
2
2
i
i 1,2
[ J , J ] [ J , J J 2J 1 J 2 ] 0
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
2
:JJ2Ji
J J i iJ i , i 1,2
J J 1 ( J 1 J 2 ) J 1 iJ 1
2
[ J , J i ] 0, i 1,2
2
2
2
[ J , J 1 ] [ J 1 J 2 2J 1 J 2 , J 1 ] [2J 1 J 2 , J 1 ] 0
J , J 0
i 1,2
J ,
2
J 1 J 1 J 2
2
2J 1 J 2 ,
2
J 1
2
2
2
2
2
J1 , J1 J 2 , J1 2 J1 x J 2 x J1 y J 2 y J1z J 2 z , J1
2
2
2
0 0 2 J1 x J 2 x , J1 2 J1 y J 2 y , J1 2 J1z J 2 z , J1
J J
, J 2 J J , J 2
J
1x 2 x
1
1y 2y
1
1z
2 0
,
J
2z
1
Hilbert
2
2
[ J1 , J1 z , J 2 , J 2 z ]
2 2
2
[ J , J z , J1 , J 2 ]
| j1 , m1 , j2 , m2 | j1 , m1 | j2 , m2
| j1 , j2 , j , m
J 2 | j1 , j2 , j , m j( j 1) 2 | j1 , j2 , j , m
J z | j1 , j2 , j , m m | j1 , j2 , j , m
2
2
[ J1 , J1 z , J 2 , J 2 z ]
J 12 | j1m1 1 j1 ( j1 1) 2 | j1m1 1
J 22 | j2 m2 2 j2 ( j2 1) 2 | j2 m2 2
J 1z | j1m1 1 m1 | j1m1 1
J 2 z | j2 m2 2 m2 | j2 m2 2
| >1| >2
| j1 , m1 , j2 , m2 | j1 , m1 | j2 , m2
J 12 | j1m1 , j2 m2 J 12 | j1m1 | j2 m2
j1 ( j1 1) 2 | j1 , m1 | j2 m2 j1 ( j1 1) 2 | j1m1 , j2 m2
J 22 | j1m1 , j2 m2 | j1m1 ( J 22 | j2 m2 )
j2 ( j2 1) 2 | j1 , m1 | j2 m2 j2 ( j2 1) 2 | j1m1 , j2 m2
J 1 z | j1m1 , j2 m2 J 1 z | j1m1 | j2 m2
m1 | j1 , m1 | j2 m2 m1 | j1m1 , j2 m2
J 2 z | j1m1 , j2 m2 | j1m1 ( J 2 z | j2 m2 )
m2 | j1 , m1 | j2 m2 m2 | j1m1 , j2 m2
J 12 | j1m1 , j2 m2 j1 ( j1 1) 2 | j1m1 , j2 m2 ,
J 1z | j1m1 , j2 m2 m1 | j1m1 , j2 m2 ,
J 22 | j1m1 , j2 m2 j2 ( j2 1) 2 | j1m1 , j2 m2 ,
J 2 z | j1m1 , j2 m2 m2 | j1m1 , j2 m2
(2j1+1)(2j2+1)
| j1m1 , j2 m2 | j1m1 | j2 m2
(2j1+1)(2j2+1)
2j1+1
2j2+1
j1
j2
m1 j1 m 2 j2
| j1m1 , j2 m2 j1m1 , j2 m2 |
2 2
2
[ J , J z , J1 , J 2 ]
| j1 j2 , jm
j j1 j2
J 2 | j1 j2 , jm j( j 1) 2 | j1 j2 , jm
J z | j1 j2 , jm m | j1 j2 , jm
J 12 | j1 j2 , jm j1 ( j1 1) 2 | j1 j2 , jm
J 22 | j1 j2 , jm j2 ( j2 1) 2 | j1 j2 , jm
jm
j1m1j1m1jm
J z j1mz=1 ,Jj1z2 m
J 1zz
JJ1z
) j1Jm
, j2 m 2
(J
+ 2J2z),((J
2 z
2z1)
|
( m mm ) jj1m
m1,j, 2jmm2>
1
m = m 1 + m2
Clebsch-Gordan
C-G
2. j
j1 j2 , jm
j1
j2
m1 j1 m2 j2
j1m1 , j2 m2 j1m1 , j2 m2 j1 j2 , jm
m = m1 + m2
-j,-j+1,j-1,j -j ,-j +1,j -1,j
1 1
1
1
2j+1=2(j1+j2)+1 2j1+1
-j2,-j2+1,j2-1,j2
2j2+1
m = -j,-j+1,j-1,j
= -(j1 +j2),-(j1+ j2)+ 1,(j1+ j2)-1,j1+j2
j1, j2
j, m
(j,m)
1j
|j1+j2, j2-j1>
m2
j2
| j1, j2 ; j1 j2 , j1 j2
| j1 j1 , j2 j2 | jm
|j1+j2, j2>
m j , j 1,... j ,
-j1|j +j ,- j >
|j1+j2, j1+j2>
2mj 1
j1
j j1 j2 , j1 j2 1,...|
2j2+1
m=m1+m2
j1+j2
j1 j1+j
j22-1
|
|j1+j2,- j1-j2>
j=j1+j2
-j2
|j1-j2|
j=|j2j
+1
<0
1-j1
2|
j=j1+j2-1
j
=
j j
j j1 j2
(2 j 1) (2 j1 1)(2 j2 1)
-(j1+j2)
=
=
=(2j1+1) (2j2+1)
(j,m)
j1 j2
j | j1 j2 | m j
| j1 j2 , jm j1 j2 , jm |
m=m1+m2 ,
j1 j2 , jm
j1
j2
m1 j1 m2 j2
j1m1 , j2 m2 j1m1 , j2 m2 j1 j2 , jm
j1 j2 , jm
j1 j2 , jm
j1
m1 j1
j2
m2 j2
j1m1 , j2 m m1 j1m1 , j2 m m1 j1 j2 , jm
j1m m2 , j2 m2 j1m m2 , j2 m2 j1 j2 , jm
3. C-G
C-G
C-G
C-G
j1 , m1 , j2 , m m1 | j1 , j2 , j , m j1 , m1 , j2 , m m1 | j1 , j2 , j , m m m
1 1
jm
m1
j1 , j2 , j, m | j1 , m1 , j2 , m m1 j1 , m1 , j2 , m m1 | j1 , j2 , j , m jj
j2 = 1/2
C-G
j1 , m m2 , 12 , m2 | j1 , 12 , j , m
m2
j
j1
j1
1
2
j1 m
1
2
2 j1 1
1
2
1
2
j1 m
2 j1 1
m2
1
2
j1 m
1
2
2 j1 1
1
2
j1 m
2 j1 1
1
2
| j , , j1 , m
1
1 2
1
2
j1 m 12
| j1 , m 12 , 12 , 12
2 j1 1
j1 m 12
| j , , j1 , m
| j1 , m 12 , 12 , 12
2 j1 1
1
1 2
1
2
j1 m 12
| j1 , m 12 , 12 , 12
2 j1 1
j1 m 12
| j1 , m 12 , 12 , 12
2 j1 1
J L S
2
3 2
2
2
2
J ( L S ) L S 2 S L L L
4
2
J 1 L,
J2 S,
J
,
j1 l ,
m1 m
1
j2 s
2
j,
1 1
m 2 ,
2 2
m mj
1
jl ,
2
1
jl
2
2
2
[ J1 , J1 z , J 2 , J 2 z ]
2
[ L , Lz , S , S z ]
2
2
[J 2 , J z , J1 , J 2 ]
[J 2 , J z , L2 ] (l , j , m j )
| j1 , j2 , j , m
| j1 , m1 , j2 , m2 | j1 , m1 | j2 , m2
1 1
1 1
| l , m , , | l , m | ,
2 2
2 2
Ylm 1 / 2
Ylm 1 / 2
J 2 | j1 , j2 , j , m j( j 1) 2 | j1 , j2 , j , m
J z | j1 , j2 , j , m m | j1 , j2 , j , m
| ljm j
J 2 | ljm j j( j 1) 2 | ljm j
J z | ljm j m j | ljm j
J z m j
L l ( l 1) ,
Lz m
m j j , j 1,... j
m l , l 1,... l
J j ( j 1) ,
2
3 2
S s( s 1) ,
4
1
Sz
2 3
2
z 1
2
2
3 2
2
2
2
J ( L S ) L S 2 S L L L
4
2
2
2
j( j 1) l ( l 1) L
4
1
1
jl
jl
2
2
L ( l 1)
L l
2
C-G
j1 j2 , jm
ljm j
j1
j2
m1 j1 m2 j2
11
lm ,
22
m = m1 + m2
j1m1 , j2 m2 j1m1 , j2 m2 j1 j2 , jm
11
1 1
lm ,
ljm j lm ,
22
2 2
1 1
lm , ljm j
2 2
mj = m + , m -
j = l + , l -
m = -l,-l+1,l-1,l
mj|lm,1/2,1/2>,
1
1
11
l, l , l
lm ,
2
2
22
J-
1
1
11
l, l , l
lm ,
2
2
22
1
1
11
J l, l , l
( L S ) lm ,
2
2
22
J jm ( j m)( j m 1) | jm 1
2l 1 l , l 1 , l 1 2l lm 1, 1 1 lm , 1 1
2
2
22
2 2
1
1
2l
11
1
1 1
l, l , l
lm 1,
lm,
J-
2
2
2l 1
22
2l 1
2 2
1
3
2l 1
11
2
1 1
l, l , l
lm 2,
lm 1,
2
2
2l 1
22
2l 1
2 2
1
l m 1/ 2
1 11
l m 1/ 2
1 1 1
l, l , m
lm ,
lm ,
2
2l 1
2 22
2l 1
2 2 2
1
l m 1/ 2
1 11
l m 1/ 2
1 1 1
l, l , m
lm ,
lm ,
2
2l 1
2 22
2l 1
2 2 2
j=l-1/2
1
1 11
1 1 1
l , l , m a lm ,
b lm ,
2
2 22
2 2 2
1
1
l m 1/ 2
l m 1/ 2
l, l , m l, l , m a
b
0
2
2
2l 1
2l 1
1
1
l , l , m l , l , m a 2 b2 1
2
2
a,b
1
l m 1/ 2
1 11
l m 1/ 2
1 1 1
l, l , m
lm ,
lm ,
2
2l 1
2 22
2l 1
2 2 2
C-G
1 11
1
1
1 11
l m 1/ 2
lm ,
l , l , m l , l , m lm ,
2 22
2
2
2 22
2l 1
1 1 1
1
1
1 1 1
l m 1/ 2
lm , l , l , m l , l , m lm ,
2 2 2
2
2
2 2 2
2l 1
7-16 7-17
S S1 S 2
3 2
S S
4
2
1
2
2
1
j l S 1,
2
1
jl S0
2
S z S1 z S 2 z
S S S 2 S1 S 2
2
2
1
2
2
1
1
j1 j2 s ,
m1 m 2
2
2
j S
m M S S , S 1,... S
S 1, M S 1,0,1
S 0, M S 0
S 2 S ( S 1) 2 ,
Sz M s
2
2
[ J1 , J1 z , J 2 , J 2 z ]
2
[ S1 , S1z , S2 , S2 z ]
2 2
2
[ J , J z , J1 , J 2 ]
[S 2 , Sz ] ( S , M S )
| j1 , m1 , j2 , m2 | j1 , m1 | j2 , m2 | j1 , j2 , j , m
2 | j , j , j , m j( j 1) 2 | j , j , j , m
1 1 1 1
1 1
1 1
J
1 2
1 2
| , , , | , 1 | , 2
2 2 2 2
2 2
2 2
J z | j1 , j2 , j , m m | j1 , j2 , j , m
1 / 2 (1) 1 / 2 ( 2)
a (1)a ( 2)
a (1) ( 2)
(1)a ( 2)
(1) ( 2)
| SM S SM S
S 2 | SM S S ( S 1) 2 | SM S
S z | SM S M S | SM S
mj|lm,1/2,1/2>,
l, l
1
1
11
,l
lm ,
2
2
22
J-
11 1,1
11 11
,
a (1)a ( 2)
22 22
1
1
11
l, l , l
lm ,
2
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1 11
11 1 1
2 1,0 ,
,
1
1
12 12 2
2
22 2 2
J l, l , l
( L S ) lm ,
2
22
J jm ( j m)( j m 1) |1jm 1
10 1,0
[ (1)a ( 2) a (1) ( 2)]
2 11
1
1
1 1
2l lm 1,
lm ,
2l 1 l , l , l
2
2
22
2 2
1
1
2l
11
1
1 1
l, l , l
lm 1,
lm,
2
2
2l 1
22
2l 1
2 2
J-
1
1
2l
11
1
1 1
l, l , l
lm 1,
lm,
2
2
2l 1
22
2l 1
2 2
1
3
2l 1
11
2
1 1
l, l , l
lm 2,
lm 1,
2
2
2l 1
22
2l 1
2 2
=0,
l=m=1/2
11 1,1 (1) ( 2)
j=l-1/2
1
1 11
1 1 1
l , l , m a lm , 1 b lm ,
200 0,0 2 2 2 [a (1)2 (22) 2 (1)a ( 2)]
1
1
l m 1 / 22
l m 1/ 2
l, l , m l, l , m a
b
0
2
2
2l 1
2l 1
1
1
l , l , m l , l , m a 2 b2 1
2
2
1
l m 1/ 2
1 11
l m 1/ 2
1 1 1
l, l , m
lm ,
lm ,
2
2l 1
2 22
2l 1
2 2 2
11 a (1)a ( 2)
1
10
[ (1)a ( 2) a (1) ( 2)]
2
11 (1) (2)
1
00
[a (1) ( 2) (1)a ( 2)]
2
1111
1000
S 2
11 SI
II
1 1
S
III
S
10
00 A
S z
mS
2
2 2
1
1
1
1
2 2
2 S 1
3
3
0
3
7-237-247-27
1
2
1Hamilton
2
3
Hamilton
2 2
H0
V (r )
2
Ze 2
V (r )
r
H0, L2, Lz Sz
En
Z 2 e 4
2 2 n 2
n 1,2,3,
n, l, ml , ms
n2
ms En 2n2
J L S
L2, S2, J2, Jz
H0
nljm ( r , , , s z ) nlm m ( r , , , s z )
l
n,l,j,m
1Hamilton
L-S
1
dV
H
L S (r ) L S
2 2
2 c r dr
1
Hamilton
2
2
H H 0 H
V (r ) (r ) L S
2
--Lz,Sz H
ml,ms
l,j,m L2, J2, Jz H
2
H
) E
(H
0
H0
H0
Hamilton H
H
Cljm | n, l , j , m
ljm
ljm
| n, l , 1 , j , m
H ljm ,ljm n, l , 12 , j, m | H
2
H ljm ,ljm n, l , 12 , j , m | H | n, l , 12 , j , m
1
R ( r ) Rnl r dr l , , j, m | L S | l , 2 , j , m
*
nl
1
2
nl | (r ) | nl l , 12 , j, m | 12 [J 2 L2 43 2 ] | l , 12 , j, m
nl | (r ) | nl 12 [ j( j 1) l (l 1) 43 ] 2 l , 12 , j, m | l , 12 , j, m
nl | (r ) | nl 12 [ j( j 1) l (l 1) 43 ] 2 l l jj mm
ll jj mm
H nlj
nl | ( r ) | nl
* ( r ) R r 2 dr
Rnl
nl
2 ( r )r 2 dr
Rnl
0
0
Cljm H nl | ( r ) | nl 1 [ j ( j 1) l ( l 1) 3 ] 2
nlj
2
4
En(1) ] l l jj mm C ljm 0
[ H nlj
ljm
lj m l j m
[ H n l j En(1) ]C l jm 0
Cljm 0
En(1) ]C ljm 0
[ H nlj
E n(1) ] 0
[ H nlj
(1)
En(1) Enlj
H nlj
nl | (r ) | nl 12 [ j( j 1) l (l 1) 43 ] 2
3
1.
L-S
Enlj(1) m j
m 2j+1 2j+1
2.
=0
n,
j=(1/ 2)
n,
n 2, l 0, j 12 , 2 2S 1
(r)
n 2, l 1, j 32 , 2 2P3
2
n 2, l 1, j 12 , 2 2P1 58
2
n 1, l 0, j 12 , 12 S 1
90
58
96
2P
: 2p
<(r)>
Ze2
V (r )
r
1 1 dV
Ze2 1
(r ) 2 2
2 c r dr 2 2c 2 r 3
( r ) Rnl
0
Ze 2
2
( r ) ( r )r dr
2 2c 2
e2
Z4
2 2c 2a 3 n 3 l ( l 12 )(l 1)
Rnl 2 ( r )
r
dr
2
a
e 2
c 2 aZ 4
E
(
0
)
En 2 ( n )
nl , j l 12
c 2 aZ 4
(
0
)
E
2 ( n )
1 En
nl
,
j
e2
1
a
c 137
n
( 2 l 1)( l 1)
n
( 2 l 1) l
n,
j=+1/2
j=1/2
4
nljm m
nljm Hamilton H'
Dirac
| n, l , 12 , l 12 , m
| n, l , 12 , l 12 , m
l m 12
2l 1
| n, l , m 12 , 12 , 12
l m 12
2l 1
| n, l , m 12 , 12 , 12
l m 12
2l 1
| n, l , m 12 , 12 , 12
l m 12
2l 1
| n, l , m 12 , 12 , 12
> 0 = 0
7-22
(), i
1
H
( p qA)2 q
2m
d
r
m v m m [r , H ] m [r , 1 ( p qA)2 q ]
dt i
i 2 m
m
1
([r ,
( p qA) 2 ] [r , q ])
i
2m
1
q=e
e
B s
B
2m
Hamilton
1
e
2
H
( p eA) e
B
2m
2m
1 ( xyz, t )
(
xyz
,
t
)
2
i
t
1
1
H
2
2
7-187-20
Zeeman 1896
1Paschen-Back
--
2
3-
Hamilton
Hamilton
1
e
2
H
( p eA) e
B
2
2
V(r)
BA=Br/2,B=A,
A=0B Z
B
B
Bz B,
Ax
y , Ay
x,
Az 0
2
2
p A i A A p A p
( p eA)2 p 2 eA2 e( p A A p)
B
B
( xp y yp x ) Lz
2
2
e2B2 2
( x y 2 ) eBLz
4
2
2 2
eB
H
V (r ) (r ) S L
( Lz 2 S z )
2
2
2 2
eB
H
V (r ) (r ) S L
( Lz 2 S z )
2
2
1Paschen-Back-
2 2
eB
H
V (r )
( Lz 2 S z )
2
2
2
2 2
eB
H
V (r )
Lz
2
2
3-
H0
2 2
eB
H
V (r ) (r ) S L
( Lz 2 S z )
2
2
Paschen-Back
~106Gs-
2 2
eB
H
V (r )
( Lz 2 S z )
2
2
1
2
2 2
eB
V (r )
( Lz 2 S z )
2
2
2 2
eB
V (r )
( Lz )
2
2
1
1
2
2
1
1
E
2
2
B=0
2 2
e
V (r ) B
( m 1)
2m
2
Enl
nlm
nlm
nlm
nlm
E nlm
E nl B B ( m 1)
E B ( m 1)
nl
B
for
Sz
for
Sz
2
1 n, l, m
m
2
S l = 0, m = 0 En l
E nlm E n 00
eB
n0
2
E eB
n0
)
2
( Sz )
2
( Sz
SternGerlach
3
m
+1
0
-1
2p
m
+1
0
-1
0
1s
0
Sz= /2
(a)
Sz= - /2
(b)
I. B = 0
En En 0
II. B 0
E nlm E n'l 'm '
Sz= /2 +
Sz= /2
1
[ Enl B B ( m 1) En'l ' B B ( m'1)]
E nl En'l ' B B
( m m' ) 0 L m
=L
Larmor
m 0,1
(l 1)
0
L
L
0
4
0
2p
m
+1
0
-1
0L
0L
0L
m
+1
0
-1
0L
0
1s
0
Sz= /2
(a)
Sz= - /2
(b)
Zeeman
S=0
Cr1D21P1
2 2
eB
H
V (r )
Lz
2
2
2 2
eB
V (r )
Lz E
2
2
2 2
e
nlm E nlm
V ( r ) Bm
2
2
Enl
1P
1
(a)
m
2
1
0
-1
-2
1
0
-1
(b)
I. B = 0
En En 0
II. B 0
E nlm E n'l 'm '
Sz= /2 +
Sz= /2
1
[ E nl B B m E n'l ' B B m' ]
E nl En'l ' B B
( m m' ) 0 L m
=L
Larmor
m 0,1
(l 1)
0
L
L
0
1P
1
(a)
m
2
1
0
-1
-2
1
0
-1
(b)
Zeeman
-
H
H0
2 2
eB
H
V (r ) (r ) S L
( Lz 2 S z )
2
2
|nljmjH0
2 2
(0)
H 0 | nljm j
V ( r ) ( r ) S L | nljm j Enlj
| nljm j
2
E nl , j l 12 E ( )
(0)
c 2 aZ 4
(0)
E nl , j l 12 E n 2 ( n ) ( 2 l n1) l
(0)
(0)
n
c 2 aZ 4
n
2
n
( 2 l 1 )( l 1 )
e2
1
a
c 137
E(0)nlj(2j+1)HJz
=0
eB
E
nljm j | ( L z 2 S z ) | nljm j
2
eB
eB
nljm j | ( J z S z ) | nljm j
(m j z )
2
2
2
(1)
nlj
nljm j | H | nljm j
m j / j ,
z
m j /( j 1)
j l 1/ 2
j l 1/ 2
1
(1)
1
E nl , j l 2 m j L (1 2 j )
E (1) nl , j l 1 m (1 1 )
j
L
2
2j2
m j / j ,
z
m j /( j 1)
j l 1/ 2
j l 1/ 2