SMART DUST: A SMARTER

WAY TO COMMUNICATE

WHAT IS SMART DUST ?

Device around the size of a grain of sand. A self-contained, millimeter-scale sensing and communication platform for a massively distributed sensor network. Each wireless sensor node, or dust mote, contains one or more sensors, hardware for computation and communication, and a power supply. Motes -autonomous, programmable

Adapted from: http://wwwbsac.eecs.berkeley.edu/arc hive/users/warnekebrett/SmartDust/

SMART DUST-Components AND Operation

Sensors To Interface to the environment Light, Temperature, Vibration, Magnetic field, Acoustic Power Survive for extended amount of time Thick-film battery, Solar cell with capacitor, or both Computation Process sensor data and Communicate using IC Communication To glue the pieces of information Transmission: Optical-Passive and Active Reception: Photodiode
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SMART DUST-Structure

Conceptual Diagram
Adapted from: http://www-bsac.eecs.berkeley.edu/archive/users/warnekebrett/SmartDust/index.html
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COMMUNICATION

Acoustic RF radio

Optical Passive Active

Acoustic Communication

High Background Noise

Fast Attenuation Curve Low communication baud rate Antenna size cant be reduced

RF Communication

Pros Does not require line of sight Not much affected by the environment Cons Antenna size (has to be at least of the wavelength) Complex circuitry (modulation/demodulation, band pass filters, etc.) Energy consumption (approx. 100nJ/bit)
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OPTICAL Communication

Types Passive Active Pros Low energy consumption (<1nJ/bit) High data rates Small aperture, very directional (localization) Cons Very directional Line of sight Atmospheric turbulence, weather and environmental conditions dependent
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RF vs. OPTICAL

RF radio frequency MHz hundreds of GHz 1mm 100s meters wavelength Omni directional Technologies: Bluetooth Cell phones RFID Optical 100THz 1PHz 0.3 - 1.6 wavelength Extremely Directional-peer to peer Lasers and LEDs
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PASSIVE REFLECTIVE SYSTEMS

Dust mote does not require an onboard light source. Passive reflective device, called Corner Cube Reflector, can either reflect or not reflect light to a remote source. CCR consists of three mutually orthogonal mirrors. Light enters the CCR, bounces off each of the three mirrors, and is reflected back parallel to the direction it entered.

Adapted from: http://wwwbsac.eecs.berkeley.edu/archive/users/ warneke-brett/SmartDust/

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0-1 TRANSITION

One mirror mounted on a spring at an angle slightly askew from perpendicularity to the other mirrors. In this position, because the light entering the CCR does not return along the same entry path, little light returns to the sourceDIGITAL 0. Applying voltage between this mirror and an electrode beneath it causes the mirror to shift to a position perpendicular to other mirrors, causing the light entering the CCR to return to its sourceDIGITAL 1.

Adapted from: http://wwwbsac.eecs.berkeley.e du/archive/users/war nekebrett/SmartDust/

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1-0 TRANSITION

Practically free

Dumping the charge stored on the electrode to the ground requires almost no energy.

Adapted from: http://www-bsac.eecs.berkeley.edu/archive/users/warneke-brett/SmartDust/

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PASSIVE REFLECTIVE SYSTEMS Limitations

Unable to communicate with each other, motes rely on a central station equipped with a light source Mote may be isolated from the network
Systems range cannot easily extend beyond 1 kilometer

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ACTIVE-STEERED LASER SYSTEMS

Dust motes active; they have their own onboard light source For mote-to-mote communication system, onboard light source sends tightly collimated light beam toward intended receiver. The steered agile laser transmitter (SALT) consists of a semiconductor diode laser coupled with a collimating lens and a steering mirror.

Adapted from: http://robotics.eecs.berkeley.edu/~p ister/SmartDust/

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ACTIVE-STEERED LASER SYSTEMS-Advantages

Direct communication with other motes possible

Long distance communication

High power density

Minimization of motes duty cycle

Better utilization of its energy reserves
SALT-structure
Adapted from: http://wwwbsac.eecs.berkeley.edu/archive/users /warneke-brett/SmartDust/ 15

APPLICATIONS

Military Environmental Energy conservation Medical applications Structure maintenance Security and safety Inventory Control Technology: Virtual keyboard

Adapted from: http://www- bsac.eecs.berkeley.e d u/ ~ pister/SmartDust

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What we have today

Different markets Building management Airborne systems Industrial monitoring Marine Security Land vehicles Adapted from: Environment http://www.xbow.com/ Mote price ~100$ http://www.dust-inc.com/ Kit price (8-12 motes) ~ 2000$

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Would like to have

Privacy issues Miniaturization: Possible nanoscale motes More useful to people in developing countries: enable smaller and cheaper motes Safety and security benefits

Incorporate the concept of smart dust societies integration of different types of smart dust
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REFERENCES
[1] B. Warneke, M. Last, B. Liebowitz, and K. S. J. Pister, Smart Dust: Communicating with a cubic-millimeter computer, Computer, vol. 34, pp. 4451, 2001. [2] Brett Warneke, Smart dust, Berkeley User Archive, April 30, 2004. [Online].Available: http://wwwbsac.eecs.berkeley.edu/archive/users/warnekebrett/SmartDust/ index.html [3] P. B. Chu et al., Optical communication using micro corner cube reflectors, Proc. IEEE MEMS Workshop, Nagoya, Japan, Jan. 1997, pp. 350355. [4] Ben W. Cook, S. Lanzisera, and K. S. J. Pister, SoC Issues for RF Smart Dust, Proc. IEEE, vol. 94, no. 6, pp. 1177-1196, June 2006. [5] J. M. Kahn , R. H. Katz , K. S. J. Pister, Emerging challenges: mobile networking for Smart Dust, Proc. IEEE, pp. 271-278, August 1999. 19

THANK YOU
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