TOPIC 3

Properties of Pure Substance

Importance of steam (slide 1, slide 2) Pure substance Property diagram for phase changes process
(slide 1, slide 2)

T-v diagram P-v diagram (slide 1, slide 2) Properties of steam table

Importance of Steam
Steams has many uses and benefits Steam has come a long way from its traditional associations with locomotives and the Industrial Revolution. Steam today is an integral and essential part of modern technology. Steam provides a means of transporting controllable amounts of energy from a central, automated boiler

Importance of Steam (cont.)

Therefore as steam moves around a plant it can equally be considered to be the transport and provision of energy. For many reasons, steam is one of the most widely used commodities for conveying heat energy. Its use is popular throughout industry for a broad range of tasks from mechanical power production to

Pure Substances
A substance that has a fixed composition throughout is called a pure substance. Pure chemicals (H2O, N2, O2, Ar, Ne, Xe) are always pure substances. Three principal phases are:

Solid

Liquid

Gas

Property Diagram for Phase-Changes Process

State 1
A container is filled with water, and a moveable, frictionless piston is placed on the container. As heat is added to the system, the temperature of the system will increase. At this point, the steam and liquid are said to be saturated.

State 2
As more heat is added, the liquid that was at saturation will start to vaporize until the two-phase mixture of steam and liquid. As long as liquid is present, the mixture is said to be wet steam, and both the liquid

Liquid

Steam

Property Diagram for Phase-Changes Process (cont.)

State 3
After all the liquid is vaporized, only steam is present at State 3

State 4
Further addition of heat will cause the temperature of steam to increase at constant system pressure. This state is called the superheated state.
Steam Superheated Steam

Pure Substances
Solid Phase

(cont.)

the positions of the molecules are relatively fixed in a solid phase

Liquid Phase
chunks of molecules float about each other in the liquid phase

Steam Phase
the molecules move about at random in the steam phase

T-v Diagram

P-v Diagram

Summary of nomenclature:

Compressed or subcooled liquid A liquid state in which the fluid remains entirely within the liquid state, and below the saturation state.
Saturated liquid All fluid is in the liquid state. However, even the slightest addition of energy would result in the formation of some vapour. Saturated Liquid-Steam or Wet Steam Region Liquid and steam exist together in a mixture. Saturated steam All fluid is in the steam state, but even the slightest loss of energy from the system would result in the formation of some liquid. Superheated steam All fluid is in the steam state and above the saturation state. The superheated steam temperature is greater than the saturation temperature corresponding to the pressure.

Properties of Steam Table

Symbols p ts vf vg Units bar
oC

Description Absolute pressure of the fluid Saturation temperature corresponding to the pressure p bar Specific volume of saturated liquid Specific volume of saturated steam

m3/kg m3/kg

uf
ug hf

kJ/kg
kJ/kg kJ/kg

Specific internal energy of saturated liquid

Specific internal energy of saturated steam Specific enthalpy of saturated liquid

hg
hfg sf sg sfg

kJ/kg
kJ/kg kJ/kg K kJ/kg K kJ/kg K

Specific enthalpy of saturated steam

Change of specific enthalpy during evaporation Specific entropy of saturated liquid Specific entropy of saturated steam Change of specific entropy during evaporation