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Overview of presentation
Definition of Explosive material Types of Explosion & Explosive Compositions of the Explosive material Characteristics of Explosive Commercial & Military Explosives Pollution due to Explosive References
Mechanical
Chemical
Nuclear
Detonating High explosive denotes to at very high rate about 8000 m/s & reaction front is a shock phenomenon
High explosive
Primary (Initiating): Heat sensitive
High explosive
Secondary (Boosters):
Insensitive towards mechanical shock & flame. But they explodes with a great violence when set off by a explosive shock, such as detonating small amount of primary explosive in contact with high explosive. Easy to handle
Contd.
2.Mixtures of an oxidizer and a fuel An oxidizer is a pure substance (molecule) that in a chemical reaction can contribute some atoms of one or more oxidizing elements, in which the fuel component of the explosive burns. On the simplest level, the oxidizer may itself be an oxidizing element, such as gaseous or liquid oxygen. Black powder: Potassium nitrate, charcoal and sulfur Flash powder: Fine metal powder (usually aluminum or magnesium) and a strong oxidizer (e.g. potassium chlorate or perchlorate). Ammonal: Ammonium nitrate and aluminum powder.
ANFO: Ammonium nitrate and fuel oil. Oxyliquits: Mixtures of organic materials and liquid oxygen
Characteristics of Explosive
Sensitivity to impact & heat Stability on storage Shattering ability (Brisance) Volatility Density Hygroscopicity Toxicity
Contd..
Evolution of heat :The generation of heat in large quantities accompanies every explosive chemical reaction. It is this rapid liberation of heat that causes the gaseous products of reaction to expand and generate high pressures. This rapid generation of high pressures of the released gas constitutes the explosion. It should be noted that the liberation of heat with insufficient rapidity will not cause an explosion. Rapid expansion (i.e.,. rapid production of gases or rapid heating of surroundings)
Contd.
Rapidity of reaction :Rapidity of reaction distinguishes the explosive reaction from an ordinary combustion reaction by the great speed with which it takes place. Unless the reaction occurs rapidly, the thermally expanded gases will dissipate in the medium, and there will be no explosion.
Initiation of reaction :A reaction must be capable of being initiated by the application of shock or heat to a small portion of the mass of the explosive material.
Dynamite
First commercially successful high explosive product. Invented by Alfred Nobel in 1866
Slurry Explosive
It is the most important commercial explosive because it is easy to handle without any danger. Cost is very low. Usually ammonium nitrate mix. sensitized with non explosive fuels such as oil/wax. Properly initiated such mix. gives energy surpassing that of dynamite. Packaged in Plastic Film Cartridges (chubs) Insensitive at low temperatures.
Military Explosives
Trinitrotolulene (TNT)
Packaged in cast 1/4 lb, 1/2 lb and 1 lb blocks with adapters. Used for general demolition purposes. Cardboard packaging with metal end plates
Military Explosives
Sheet Explosives
Explosives such as RDX and/or PETN (Pentaerythritol tetra nitrate) combined into molten rubber mixture to form a thin flexible sheet of explosive Military uses two variants:
Contd..
RDX :
Invented by George Friedrich (Germany)
Mixture of PETN &TNT Patented in 1898. RDX is produced in large scale in U.S. & Canada
Explosive pollution
Large scale contamination of high explosives
Over 700,000 cubic yards of soil 10 billion gallons of groundwater Treatment costs estimated at $2.66 billion
TNT is the most widespread, toxic and recalcitrant of all the explosives Methods for degradation of explosives are also available
Biodegradation of RDX
O2N
N
N NO2
NO2
NO2-
O2N
N N
NO2-
O2N
N N
denitritration
N
NO2
denitritration
C3H4N4O2
2H2O
C3H6N6O6
R DX
C3H5N5O4
H2O
H2O
autodecomposition
NH NH CH2 CHO O2N
OH NH H N H OH NH
CO 2
HCHO
N H 2C H O
O2N
4-nitro-2,4-diazabutanal
NH3
C2H5N3O3
C3H8N4O4
References
Organic Chemistry By Bhal & Bhal , 3rd Edition (2007) Organic Chemistry By I.L Finar,5th Edition (2006). www.wikipedia.com www.google.com