DEPARTMENT OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

ANDHRA PRADESH
Name : J Srinivasa Rao
Designation : Lecturer
Branch : D.A.E.I.E
Institute : Govt. Polytechnic, Kothagudem
Year/Semester : VI Sem
Subject : Analytical Instrumentation
Subject Code : AEI-603
Topic : Introduction to Analytical
Instrumentation and
spectrophotometers
Duration : 100 Min
Sub Topic : Block Diagram of Analytical
Instrumentation
Teaching Aids : PPT and Pictures
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 Objectives:

On completion of this lesson, you would be able to

know the :

• Block diagram of analytical instrumentation

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 What is Analytical Instrumentation?

• Analytical instrumentation is a branch of instrumentation

which deals with the identification of the composition of a

sample of matter.

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 Where it is used

• Analytical instruments are are employed to obtain

qualitative information about the presence or
absence of one ore more components of the sample

• Analytical instruments are also used to obtain

quantitative data

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 Block Diagram of Analytical
Instrumentation

Chemical Signal Display

information Transducer converter system
source

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 What it contains?

An Analytical Instrument consists of the following four

blocks
• Chemical Information Source
• Transducer
• Signal Conditioner
• Display System

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 Chemical information source
• Chemical information source generates a set of
signals containing necessary information.

• The signal may be generated from the sample itself.

• For example, the yellow radiation emitted by heated

sodium atoms constitutes the source of signal in a
flame photometer.

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 Transducer

• Transducer is a device converts the non electrical

quantity to electrical quantity

• For example, a photo cell and a photomultiplier

tube are the transducers that convert radiant
energy into electrical signals.

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 Signal conditioner

• It converts the output of the transducer into an

electrical quantity suitable for operation of the
display system.
• Signal conditioners may vary in complexity from a
simple resistance network or impedance matching
device to multistage amplifiers and other complex
electronic circuitry.

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• They help in increasing the sensitivity of
instruments by the amplification of the original
signal or its transduced form.

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 Display System

Display may be either of the following form

• Displacement on a scale
• The chart of a recorder
• The screen of a cathode ray tube
• Numerical form

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 The Electromagnetic Radiation

• The electromagnetic radiation is a type of energy

that is transmitted through space at a speed of
approximately 3 X 1010 cm/s.

• This radiation does not require a medium for

propagation and can readily travel through vacuum.

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 The Electromagnetic Radiation

• Electro magnetic radiation may be considered as a

discrete packet of energy called photons. The
relation between the energy of a photon and the
frequency of its propagation is given by
E= hγ
Where E= Energy in ergs
γ = frequency in cycles
h = Planck’s constant (6.625 X 10-29 ergs-s)

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 Units of Wavelength

nm (nanometers)
or = 10-7 cm
mμ ( milli micron)
μm (micro meter)
or = 10-4 cm
μ

Ao (Angstrom) = 0.1mμ = 10-8 cm

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 The Electromagnetic Spectrum

• The interaction of matter and radiation takes place

throughout the entire electromagnetic spectrum.

• The various regions in the electromagnetic

spectrum which are normally used in the
spectroscopic work.

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The Spectrum and Molecular Effects

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16
• Visible light represents only a very small portion of the
electromagnetic spectrum and generally covers a range
from 380 to 780 nm.

• The ultraviolet region extends from 185 nm to visible.

Shorter wavelengths lie in the far ultraviolet region,
which overlaps the soft X-ray part of the spectrum.

• Infrared region covers wavelengths above the visible

range.

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• The successive equal thickness of a homogeneous
absorbing medium will reduce the intensity by
successive equal fraction and therefore radiant energy
will diminish in geometric or exponential progression.

• If a particular thickness absorbs half the radiant energy,

the thickness which follows the first and is equal to it will
not absorb the entire second half, only a half of this half
will consequently reduce it one quarter.

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 Monochromators

• Monochromators are the optical systems, which

provide better isolation of spectral energy than the
optical filters, and are therefore preferred where it is
required to isolate narrow bands of radiant energy.

• Monochromators usually incorporate a small glass of

quartz prism or a diffraction grating system as a
dispersing media.

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 Monochromators

• The radiation from a light source is passed either

directly or by means of a lens or mirror into the narrow
slit of the monochromator and allowed to fall on the
dispersing medium, where it gets isolated.

• The efficiency of Monochromators is better and the

spectral bandwidth is of 1nm, which is suitable for UV
and Visible regions.

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 Types of Monochromators

The different type of Monochromators are

• Prism Monochromators
• Diffraction gratings
• Holographic gratings

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 Quiz

1. From the following select a transducer

(c) Photomultiplier tube

(d) Cuvette
(e) Prism
(f) Grating

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2. One Angstrom is equal to

 10-8 Cm
 10-6 Cm
 10-12 Cm
 10-10Cm

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3. Monochromators are used to

(c) Isolate the spectral energy

(d) Reflect the Spectral energy
(e) Bypass the spectral energy
(f) None of the above

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 Frequently asked questions

1. What are the components of analytical instrumentation

3. Draw and explain about Electromagnetic spectrum

5. Draw the block diagram of Analytical instrumentation

and explain.

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