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DEPARTMENT OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

ANDHRA PRADESH
Name : J Srinivasa Rao
Designation : Lecturer
Branch : D.A.E.I.E
Institute : Govt. Polytechnic, Kothagudem
Year/Semester : VI Sem
Subject : Analytical Instrumentation
Subject Code : AEI-603
Topic : Introduction to Analytical
Instrumentation and
spectrophotometers
Duration : 100 Min
Sub Topic : Beer Lambert’s Law
Teaching Aids : PPT, Pictures
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Objectives

On completion of this topic you would be able to


know :

• Beer lamberts law


• Limitation of Beer Lamberts law

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Beer-Lambert Law

• The Beer-Lambert law (also called the Beer-Lambert-

Bouguer law or simply Beer's law) is the linear

relationship between absorbance and concentration

of an absorber of electromagnetic radiation.

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Interaction mater with radiation

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Beers Law
A = abc

Where
A is absorbance
a is the absorbtivity (L mol-1 cm-1)
b is the path length of the sample - that is, the path length of
the cuvette in which the sample is contained. (cms)
c is the concentration of the compound in solution, (mol L-1)

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Relationship between absorbance and
transmittance

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• If all the light passes through a solution without

any absorption, then absorbance is zero, and

percent transmittance is 100%. The relation is

given by A = log10 1 / %T

• If all the light is absorbed, then percent

transmittance is zero, and absorption is infinite.

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%T Vs Path Length

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Absorbance Vs Path length

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A Vs Concentration

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Limitations of Beer’s Law

The linearity of the Beer-Lambert law is limited by


chemical and instrumental factors. Causes of
nonlinearity include:

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Limitations of Beer’s Law

• Deviations in absorptivity coefficients at high


concentrations (>0.01M) due to electrostatic
interactions between molecules in close proximity

• Scattering of light due to particulates in the sample

• Fluoresecence or phosphorescence of the sample

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Limitations (contd)

• Changes in refractive index at high analyte


concentration
• Shifts in chemical equilibria as a function of
concentration
• Non-monochromatic radiation, deviations can be
minimized by using a relatively flat part of the
absorption spectrum such as the maximum of an
absorption band
• Stray light

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Quiz
1. Which of the following relationships between absorbance
and %Transmittance is correct ?

a) A = log10 100 / %T

b) A = 2 - log10 %T

c) A = log10 1 / %T

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Quiz

2. In the equation, A = abc, what quantity is represented by


“a" ?

a) Absorbtivity
b) Molar absorbtivity
c) Path length

Ans. b

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Quiz
3. Why is it generally preferable to use absorbance as a
measure of absorption rather than % Transmittance?
a) Because %T cannot be measured as accurately as
absorbance
b) Because %T is dependant on the power of the
incident radiation
c) Because absorbance is proportional to the
concentration of the analyte, whereas %T is not.

Ans. C

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Quiz

Does a compound with high molar absorbtivity have a


higher or lower limit of detection than a compound with
low molar absorbtivity?
(b) Lower
(c) Higher

Ans. a

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Summary
• The Beer-Lambert law is the linear relationship between
absorbance and concentration of an absorber of
electromagnetic radiation.
• Beers law is given by the equation A=abc

• The Law says that the fraction of the light absorbed by


each layer of solution is the same.

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Frequently asked questions

1. What is Beer-Lamberts Law


2. What are the Limitations of Beer Lamberts Law

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