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DEPARTMENT OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

ANDHRA PRADESH
Name : J Srinivasa Rao
Designation : Lecturer
Branch : D.A.E.I.E
Institute : Govt. Polytechnic, Kothagudem
Year/Semester : VI Sem
Subject : Analytical Instrumentation
Subject Code : AEI-603
Topic : Introduction to Analytical
Instrumentation and
spectrophotometers
Duration : 100 Min
Sub Topic : Light sources
Teaching Aids : PPT and Pictures
AEI-603.5 to 6 1
Objectives

After the completion of this period you will be able to


know about

• Monochromators
• Lenses
• Light sources
• Light detectors

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Components of Analytical Instruments
Signal Processor
Source Wavelength Selector Sample Detector Readout

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Components of Optical Instruments
Construction materials

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Components of Optical Instruments
wavelength selectors for spectroscopic instruments."

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Components of Optical Instruments
Sources

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Components of Optical Instruments
Detectors for spectroscopic instruments."

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Sources

UV-Visible-Near IR Region
• H2 - D2
160 - 375 nm, must use Quartz windows and cuvettes
• Xe arc lamps
250 - 600 nm, max I at 500 nm
• W filament
320 - 2500 nm, needs close V control

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Sources

IR Region

• Nernst glower - rare earth oxides


• Globar - silicon carbide rod
• Incandescent wire - nichrome wire

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Sources

Light Sources
• Metal vapor - Hg and Na
• Hollow cathode

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Sources

LASER
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

"Schematic representation of a typical laser source."

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Four important process in laser action

• Pumping
• Sponitaeonal emission
• Stimulated emission
• absorption

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Lasers

"Four processes important in laser action: (a) pumping


(excitation by electrical, radiant, or chemical energy)."

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Lasers
Four processes important in laser action: (b) spontaneous
emission."

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Lasers
"Four processes important in laser action: (c) stimulated
emission."

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Lasers
"Four processes important in laser action: (d) absorption."

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Wave length selection

Filters

• Interference filters
• Interference wedges
• Absorption filters

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Monochromator components

• Entrance slit
• Collimating element (lens or mirror)
• Prism of grating as dispersing elements
• Focusing elements (lens or mirror)
• Exit slit

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Types of monochromator

• They are two types of


monochromator

(d) Czerny turned grating


monochromator

(f) Bunsen prism


monochromator

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Dispersion for monochromators
• Dispersion for three types
of monochromators

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Prism Monochromators

• For UV-Visible-Near IR - quartz


• For IR - NaCl
- Cornu type
- Littrow type

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PRISM ANIMATION

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Resolving Power of
Prism Monochromators
R = resolving power

λ dn
R = ------ = b • -----
dλ dλ

where b= length of prism base

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Grating Monochromator
”Mechanism of diffraction from an echellette-type grating."

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GRATING ANIMATION

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Resolving Power of Grating

λ
R = ----- = n N

where N => number of lines illuminated


by the radiation from
entrance slit

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Advantages

Gratings
• Dispersion nearly constant w/ wavelength
• Simplier monochromator
• Better dispersion for same size

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Advantages

Prisms
• Cheaper than Grating

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Disadvantages

Gratings
• stray radiation
• higher order spectra

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Disadvantages

Prisms
• larger

• may be unstable to atmosphere of lab

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Monochromator Slits

Construction of slits

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Monochromator Slits

“Illumination of an exit
slit by monochromatic
radiation λ2 at various
monochrmoator
settings. Exit and
entrance slits are
identical.”

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Monochromator Slits
“The effect of the slit
width on spectra. The
entrance slit is
illuminated with λ1, λ2,
and λ3 only. Entrance
and exit slits are
identical. Plots on the
right show changes in
emitted power as the
setting of
monochromator is
varied.”

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Sample Container materials
For Ultra-Violet
• quartz

For Visible
• quartz
• glass

For Infrared
• NaCl
• AgCl
• KBr
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Angular dispersion of prisms

dθ dθ dn
--- = ----- • -----
dλ dn dλ
where θ => angle
λ => wavelength
n => refractive index

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Types of Radiation Detection
UV-Visible
• Photon Detectors
• Vacuum Phototubes
• Photomultiplier Tubes
• Photodiodes
• Linear Photodiode arrays
• Charge-Transfer
Infrared
• Heat Detectors
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Photon Detectors
Photovoltaic or Barrier-Layer Cell
"Schematic of a typical barrier-layer cell."

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Vacuum Phototubes

Vacuum Phototubes
"A phototube and
accessory circuit.
The photocurrent
induced by the
radiation causes a
potential drop
across R, It is then
amplified to drive a
meter or recorder."

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Spectral response of typical photo
emissive surfaces
“Spectral response of some typical
photoemissive surfaces.”

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Photo multiplier Tubes

Photomultiplier Tubes
"Photomultiplier tube:
(a) cross section of
the tube
(b) electrical circuit."

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Photo diodes

Photodiodes
(a)Schematic of a
silicon diode.
(b)Formation of
depletion layer, which
prevents flow of
electricity under
reverse bias.”

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Photo diodes

Photodiodes
“A reverse-biased
linear diode-array
detector: (a) cross
section and (b)
top view.”

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Summary
In this class we have learnt about
• UV-Visible-Near IR Region
H2 - D2 (160 - 375 nm,)
Xe arc lamps (250 - 600 nm)
W filament(320 - 2500 nm)
• IR Region
Nernst glower - rare earth oxides
globar - silicon carbide rod
incandescent wire - nichrome wire
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Quiz

1. The radiation source used for UV spectrophotometer


are
(b) Hydrogen Lamp
(c) Tungsten lamp
(d) Sodium lamp
(e) All the above

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Quiz

1. The detector used for UV and visible


spectrophotometers are

(c) Heat detector


(d) Golay cells
(e) Bolo meter
(f) Photomiltiplier tube

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Quiz

3.The advantage of grating compared to prism is

(c) Dispersion nearly constant w.r.f wave length


(d) Simplier monochromator
(e) Better dispersion for same size
(f) All the above

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Frequently Asked Questions

1. Explain about various light sources used for


spectrophotometers.

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