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ANDHRA PRADESH
Name : J Srinivasa Rao
Designation : Lecturer
Branch : D.A.E.I.E
Institute : Govt. Polytechnic, Kothagudem
Year/Semester : VI Sem
Subject : Analytical Instrumentation
Subject Code : AEI-603
Topic : Introduction to Analytical
Instrumentation and
spectrophotometers
Duration : 100 Min
Sub Topic : Light sources
Teaching Aids : PPT and Pictures
AEI-603.5 to 6 1
Objectives
• Monochromators
• Lenses
• Light sources
• Light detectors
AEI-603.5 to 6 2
Components of Analytical Instruments
Signal Processor
Source Wavelength Selector Sample Detector Readout
AEI-603.5 to 6 3
Components of Optical Instruments
Construction materials
AEI-603.5 to 6 4
Components of Optical Instruments
wavelength selectors for spectroscopic instruments."
AEI-603.5 to 6 5
Components of Optical Instruments
Sources
AEI-603.5 to 6 6
Components of Optical Instruments
Detectors for spectroscopic instruments."
AEI-603.5 to 6 7
Sources
UV-Visible-Near IR Region
• H2 - D2
160 - 375 nm, must use Quartz windows and cuvettes
• Xe arc lamps
250 - 600 nm, max I at 500 nm
• W filament
320 - 2500 nm, needs close V control
AEI-603.5 to 6 8
Sources
IR Region
AEI-603.5 to 6 9
Sources
Light Sources
• Metal vapor - Hg and Na
• Hollow cathode
AEI-603.5 to 6 10
Sources
LASER
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
AEI-603.5 to 6 11
Four important process in laser action
• Pumping
• Sponitaeonal emission
• Stimulated emission
• absorption
AEI-603.5 to 6 12
Lasers
AEI-603.5 to 6 13
Lasers
Four processes important in laser action: (b) spontaneous
emission."
AEI-603.5 to 6 14
Lasers
"Four processes important in laser action: (c) stimulated
emission."
AEI-603.5 to 6 15
Lasers
"Four processes important in laser action: (d) absorption."
AEI-603.5 to 6 16
Wave length selection
Filters
• Interference filters
• Interference wedges
• Absorption filters
AEI-603.5 to 6 17
Monochromator components
• Entrance slit
• Collimating element (lens or mirror)
• Prism of grating as dispersing elements
• Focusing elements (lens or mirror)
• Exit slit
AEI-603.5 to 6 18
Types of monochromator
AEI-603.5 to 6 19
Dispersion for monochromators
• Dispersion for three types
of monochromators
AEI-603.5 to 6 20
Prism Monochromators
AEI-603.5 to 6 21
PRISM ANIMATION
AEI-603.5 to 6 22
Resolving Power of
Prism Monochromators
R = resolving power
λ dn
R = ------ = b • -----
dλ dλ
AEI-603.5 to 6 23
Grating Monochromator
”Mechanism of diffraction from an echellette-type grating."
AEI-603.5 to 6 24
GRATING ANIMATION
AEI-603.5 to 6 25
Resolving Power of Grating
λ
R = ----- = n N
dλ
AEI-603.5 to 6 26
Advantages
Gratings
• Dispersion nearly constant w/ wavelength
• Simplier monochromator
• Better dispersion for same size
AEI-603.5 to 6 27
Advantages
Prisms
• Cheaper than Grating
AEI-603.5 to 6 28
Disadvantages
Gratings
• stray radiation
• higher order spectra
AEI-603.5 to 6 29
Disadvantages
Prisms
• larger
AEI-603.5 to 6 30
Monochromator Slits
Construction of slits
AEI-603.5 to 6 31
Monochromator Slits
“Illumination of an exit
slit by monochromatic
radiation λ2 at various
monochrmoator
settings. Exit and
entrance slits are
identical.”
AEI-603.5 to 6 32
Monochromator Slits
“The effect of the slit
width on spectra. The
entrance slit is
illuminated with λ1, λ2,
and λ3 only. Entrance
and exit slits are
identical. Plots on the
right show changes in
emitted power as the
setting of
monochromator is
varied.”
AEI-603.5 to 6 33
Sample Container materials
For Ultra-Violet
• quartz
For Visible
• quartz
• glass
For Infrared
• NaCl
• AgCl
• KBr
AEI-603.5 to 6 34
Angular dispersion of prisms
dθ dθ dn
--- = ----- • -----
dλ dn dλ
where θ => angle
λ => wavelength
n => refractive index
AEI-603.5 to 6 35
Types of Radiation Detection
UV-Visible
• Photon Detectors
• Vacuum Phototubes
• Photomultiplier Tubes
• Photodiodes
• Linear Photodiode arrays
• Charge-Transfer
Infrared
• Heat Detectors
AEI-603.5 to 6 36
Photon Detectors
Photovoltaic or Barrier-Layer Cell
"Schematic of a typical barrier-layer cell."
AEI-603.5 to 6 37
Vacuum Phototubes
Vacuum Phototubes
"A phototube and
accessory circuit.
The photocurrent
induced by the
radiation causes a
potential drop
across R, It is then
amplified to drive a
meter or recorder."
AEI-603.5 to 6 38
Spectral response of typical photo
emissive surfaces
“Spectral response of some typical
photoemissive surfaces.”
AEI-603.5 to 6 39
Photo multiplier Tubes
Photomultiplier Tubes
"Photomultiplier tube:
(a) cross section of
the tube
(b) electrical circuit."
AEI-603.5 to 6 40
Photo diodes
Photodiodes
(a)Schematic of a
silicon diode.
(b)Formation of
depletion layer, which
prevents flow of
electricity under
reverse bias.”
AEI-603.5 to 6 41
Photo diodes
Photodiodes
“A reverse-biased
linear diode-array
detector: (a) cross
section and (b)
top view.”
AEI-603.5 to 6 42
Summary
In this class we have learnt about
• UV-Visible-Near IR Region
H2 - D2 (160 - 375 nm,)
Xe arc lamps (250 - 600 nm)
W filament(320 - 2500 nm)
• IR Region
Nernst glower - rare earth oxides
globar - silicon carbide rod
incandescent wire - nichrome wire
AEI-603.5 to 6 43
Quiz
AEI-603.5 to 6 44
Quiz
AEI-603.5 to 6 45
Quiz
AEI-603.5 to 6 46
Frequently Asked Questions
AEI-603.5 to 6 47