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DEPARTMENT OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

ANDHRA PRADESH
Name of the faculty : D Saritha
Designation : Lecturer
Branch :D.A.E.I.E
Institute : Govt Polytechnic, Kothagudem
Year/Semester : V Semester
Subject : Linear IC Applications
Sub-Code :AEI-505
Topic :Other Applications of OP-Amp
Duration :100 min
Sub-Topic :Phase locked loops(PLL)
Teaching Aids :Diagrams, PPT

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Objectives

Upon the completion of this topic the student


will be familiar with

• Phase locked loops (PLL)

• Applications of PLL

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Phase locked loops (PLL)

• The phase locked loop (PLL) is an important building


block of linear system.

• The phase locked loop consists of


1.Phase detector /comparator
2.A low pass filter
3.An error amplifier
4.A voltage controlled oscillator (VCO)

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Block diagram of PLL

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Working

• When an input signal Vs of frequency fs is applied to


PLL, the phase detector compares the phase and
frequency of the incoming signal to that of the output
Vo of the VCO.
• If the two signals differ in frequency and/or phase, an
error voltage Ve is generated.
• The phase detector is basically a multiplier and
produces the sum(fs+f0) and difference(fs-f0)
components at its output.

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• The high frequency component (fs+fo) is removed by the
low pass filter and the difference frequency component
is amplified and then applied as control voltage Vc to
VCO

• The signal Vc shifts the VCO frequency in a direction to


reduce the frequency difference between fs and fo .

• Once this action starts, we say that the signal is in the


capture range.
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• The circuit is then said to be locked.

• Once locked ,the output frequency fo of VCO is


identical to fs except for a finite phase difference Ø.

• This phase difference Ø generates a corrective


control voltage Vc to shift the VCO frequency from fo
to fs and there by maintain the lock.

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• Once locked, PLL tracks the frequency changes of the
input signal.

• Thus a PLL goes through three stages


1. free running
2. capture
3 locked or tracking

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• Lock-in-Range: Once the PLL is locked, it can track
frequency changes in the incoming signals.
• The range of frequencies over which the PLL can
maintain lock with the incoming signal is called the lock-
in-range or tracking range.
• Capture range: The range of frequencies over which the
PLL can acquire lock with an input signal is called the
capture range
• Pull-in-time : The total time taken by the PLL to establish
lock is called pull-in-time

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Applications of PPL

The phase locked loop is used in many applications like

3. Satellite communication systems


4. Air borne navigational systems
5. FM communication systems
6. Frequency multiplication/Division
7. Frequency translation AM detection
8. FM demodulation
9. Frequency shift keying (FSK)
10. Motor speed control

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Summary

We have discussed about

• Phase locked loops (PLL)


• Applications of PLL

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Quiz

1. A phase locked loop (PLL) consists of an

a) Phase detector

b) An amplifier/low pass filter

c) A voltage controlled oscillator

d) All the above

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1) The stages of the PLL are

a) Free running

b) Capture

c) Locked or tracking

d) All the above

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• The loop is said to be locked when the output
frequency fo of VCO is

• Greater than frequency fs of the input signal

• less than frequency fs of the input signal

• Identical to the frequency fs of the input signal

• None of the above

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Frequently asked questions

2. Explain the phase locked loop with a block diagram

4. List the applications of PLL

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