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DEPARTMENT OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

ANDHRA PRADESH
Name : Smt. RANI KAVATI
Designation : LECTURER
Branch : AEI
Institute : S.G.P.R GOVT Polytechnic, Kurnool
Semester : V Semester
Subject : PROCESS CONTROL
Subject code : AEI-504
Topic : Controller principles
Duration : 50 min
Sub Topic : Process characteristics
Teaching Aids : PPT
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Objectives

On completion of this period, you would be able to


know

• State process characteristics and control system parameters

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The Process Characterstics

The following are the Characterstics of a process

•Process equation

•Process load

•Process lag

•Self regulation

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Process equation

• Process equation can be explained by considering an example of


Control of liquid temperature in a tank as shown in figure (1)

• In this example the liquid temperature ( TL) is the controlled

variable

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Controlling of temperature of the liquid

Figure : 1
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• The ( TL ) depends upon the following

• Ambient temperature ( TA )

• Inlet fluid temperature ( T0 )

• Steam temperature ( TS )

• Input flow rate ( QA )

• Out put flow rate ( Q B )

• Steam flow rate ( QS )

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• If any one of the above parameter changes a change in temperature
results and to bring the temperature back to the set point value the
steam flow rate is changed

• There fore the process equation can be expressed as

TL = F ( QA, QB, QS, TA,TS, TO )

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• Process load
A nominal value of all the process parameters

• Process lag
A delay in reaction of the controller variable to a change of
load variable

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• Self regulation
The tendency to adopt some value to controlled variable for

nominal load with no control action

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Control System parameters

Control system parameters are

• Error

• Controller output

• Control lag

• Dead time

• Cycling

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Control system parameters
• Error

The deviation of controlled variable from set point is called


error
It is given by e = r-b
e= r–b r +-
Where
b = measured value

r = set point

e = error b
Error detector

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Controller output

The controller out put as a percent of full scale when the output
varies between specified limits is given by

P = ({u _u min} / {u max _u min})100

P = controller output as a % of full scale

u = value of out put

u max = maximum value of controller parameter

u min = minimum Value of controller parameter


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• Control lag

It is delay in controller response when a deviation occurs.

• Dead time

It is a period of no response of the process to a change in


controlling variable.

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• Cycling

If the error oscillates about zero then the variable is cycling.

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Summary
We have discussed about
• Process characteristics .
• Process load
• Process log
• Self regulation
• Control system parameters
• Error
• Controller output
• Control log
• Dead time
• Cycling
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Quiz

1. ERROR is the deviation of _______ from set point

1. Controlled variable

2. Manipulated variable

3. Load variable

4. None of the above

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2. Control lag is delay in when error occurs

• Controller response

• Manipulated variable

• Load variable

• None of the above

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Frequently asked Questions

1. Define error.

2. Define process controller output.

3. Define cycling.

4. Define dead time

5. Define the following

a) Process equation b) Process load

c) Porcess lag d) Self regulation


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Assignment

• List the characteristics of a process

• List the control system parameters

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