DEPARTMENT OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

ANDHRA PRADESH
Name : Smt.RANI KAVATI
Designation : LECTURER
Branch : Applied Electronics and Instrumentation
Engineering
Institute : S.G.P.R GOVT Polytechnic,Kurnool
Semester : V Semester
Subject : PROCESS CONTROL
Subject code : AEI-504
Topic : Controller principles
Duration : 100 min
Sub Topic : Discontinuous controller modes
Teaching Aids : Animations
AEI 504.12 to 13 1
 Objectives

On completion of this period, you would be able to

• State the discontinues modes.

AEI 504.12 to 13 2
Different types of discontinuous modes

•Two position mode

•Multi position mode

•Floating control mode

AEI 504.12 to 13 3
 Two position mode

• Two position control mode is also called ON – OFF control mode

• The controller output in two position Mode can be expressed as

P = 0% Cp > Sp

= 100% Cp < Sp

• P = controller output
• Cp = controlling parameter
• Sp = set point

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• Two position controller is suitable for systems with slow

process rates

• Example : room heating or air conditioning system.

• Disadvantages:
Over shoot and Under shoot

• Applications:
•Liquid bath temperature control
•Level control
•Air conditioners
AEI 504.12 to 13 5
Multi position mode

• Multi position mode is used to reduce the cycling behavior and

ovrershoot & undershoot inherent in two position mode.

• This mode is represented by
p = pi , e p > ei i = 1,2,3,4---------n

• As Error exceeds ± e i,

Controller output is adjusted to preset values of pi .

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Example for multi position controller

• 3- position controller is best example for multi

position controller

• The controller output in 3- position controller is

• P = 100 % e p > e2

= 50 % - e1 < e p < e2

= 0% ep < - e1

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• As long as the error is between e2 and e1 of the set point the
controller stays at some nominal setting indicated by a controller
output as 50%

• If the error exceeds the set point by e1 or more then the output is
increased to 100%

• If the error is less than set point by e1 then the controller output
is zero
• Three position controller action can be shown in figure (1)

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Three position controller action

Figure (1)
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 Floating control mode

• In floating control the specific output of the controller is not uniquely

determined by the error

• If the error is zero the output will not change but remains floats\

• When the error moves off zero, the controller output again begins to

change
• The floating control mode divided into two types

1.Single speed floating control mode

2.Multi speed floating control mode

AEI 504.12 to 13 10
Single speed floating control mode:
• In this mode the output of the control element changes at a fixed
rate when the error exceeds the neutral zone Which is
expressed as
dp (1)
= ± KF | e p | > Δe p
dt
dp
Where dt
= rate of change of controller output with time

• K F = rate constant (%/s)

• Δ e p = half the neutral zone

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Single speed floating controller action

Figure (2)
AEI 504.12 to 13 12
 • Equation (1) can be integrated for the actual controller output,
then

P = ± K F t + p(0) e p > Δe p

P(0) = controller out put at t=0.

• Example: liquid flow rate through a control valve.

• A graph of single speed floating control is shown in Figure (2)

AEI 504.12 to 13 13
 Multi speed Floating controller mode
• In this mode several possible speeds ( rates ) are changed by
the controller out put

• The rate increases as the deviation exceeds certain limits

• We can write equation as follow

dp
= ± KFi | ep| > epi
dt
• If the error rises to exceed ep2 the speed increased to KF2

• Multi speed floating control mode action can be explained in

Figure (3) AEI 504.12 to 13 14

Fig.3 Multi speed floating control action

AEI 504.12 to 13 15
 Summary

We have discussed about

• Discontinues controller modes

• Two position control mode.

• Multi position control mode

• Floating control mode

• Single speed floating control mode

• Multi speed floating control mode

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 Quiz
• In two position mode when full controller output occurs

• Cp = Sp

• Cp < Sp

• Cp > Sp

• None of the above

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• In two position control mode when zero controller output
occurs

• Cp = Sp

• Cp < Sp

• Cp > Sp

• None of the above

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• The two position controller is suitable for
1. Systems with slow process rates

3. Systems with medium speed

5. Systems with high speed

7. None

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 Frequently asked Questions

• Explain two position controller mode

• Explain multi-position controller mode

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