DEPARTMENT OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

ANDHRAPRADESH
Name : Smt.Rani Kavati
Designation : Lecturer
Branch : Applied Electronics and Instrumentation
Engineering
Institute : S.G.P.R Govt Polytechnic, Kurnool
Semester : V Semester
Subject : Process Control
Subject code : AEI-504
Topic : controller principles
Duration : 100 min
Sub Topic : Electronic controller modes
Teaching Aids : Diagrams and animations.

AEI 504.23 to 24 1
 Recap

We discussed about implementation of

• Two position controller by using op-amp

• P-controller by using op-amp

• D- controller by using op-amp

AEI 504.23 to 24 2
 Objectives

On completion of this period, you would be able to

know
• Implementation of following controller modes using op-amp

• Integral controller

• PI controller

• PD controller

AEI 504.23 to 24 3
 Integral controller

• This mode is often called as reset action

• The controller out put is:

t
P(t) = kI  e p  t  dt + P(0) ------------- (1)
0

• P(0) = the controller out put at t= 0

AEI 504.23 to 24 4
• KI integral constant

• Integral time TI = 1/kI

• P(t) depends on history of errors from t = 0

• Large value of KI means that a small error produces the large

rate of change of P and vise versa

AEI 504.23 to 24 5
Implementation of Integral Controller using
OP-Amp

out

Integrator Inverter

AEI 504.23 to 24 6
• Equation (1) can be easily implemented when op-
amps are used as building blocks of integral
controller. Then the expression for out put voltage is
t
Vout = GI  V dt + Vout(0)
0
e

Where,

Vout = out put voltage

GI=1/RC = Integration gain

Ve = error voltage

Vout (0)= initial out put voltage

AEI 504.23 to 24 7
• The value of R & C can be adjusted to obtain the desired
integration time

• The rate of out put depends up on TI

• If KI is large than out put rises so fast

• The value of R&C are determined from KI

AEI 504.23 to 24 8
 Composite Controller modes

• Proportional-integral controller Mode

AEI 504.23 to 24 9
• The relation between input and output is found by applying
Op-Amp circuit analysis,

 R2   1 
t
Vout    Ve    Ve dt
 R1   R1C  0

• Proportional integral controller includes proportional gain

in the integral term so equation modifies as

AEI 504.23 to 24 10
  R2   R2   1  t
Vout   Ve      Ve dtVout (0)
 R1   R1   R2 c  0

• Adjustment parameters are

• proportional band GP = R2 /R1

• Integral gain GI =1/R2C.

AEI 504.23 to 24 11
Propotional derivative controller

-Vo

AEI 504.23 to 24 12
Implementation of P+D controller using
op-amp

 R2   R2  R3Cd ve
V0ut    Ve     Vout
•   R1 R3     R1R3   dt

• Propotional gain Gp = [R2/(R1+R3)]

• Derivative gain GD = R3 C

AEI 504.23 to 24 13
 Summary

We have discussed about

• Implementation of Integral controller modes using op-amp

• Integration of P-I controller module using OP-Amp

• Integration of P-D controller mode using Op-Amp

AEI 504.23 to 24 14
 Quiz
1. The rate at which the Out Put increases is depends upon
in integral controller is :

(c) Derivation time

(e) Integration time

(g) Error voltage

(i) None

AEI 504.23 to 24 15
 Frequently asked Questions

4. Explain implementation of electronic controllers like

propotional and integral and combinational control modes.

6. Describe the implementation of integral control mode

8. Describe the implementation of PI control mode

10.Describe the implementation of PD control mode

AEI 504.23 to 24 16