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DEPARTMENT OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

ANDHRA PRADESH
Name : Sri. E. BABU
Designation : Lecturer
Branch: : Electronics and Instrumentation Engg.
Institute : S.G.P.R.Govt. Polytechnic, Kurnool.
Year/Semester : V Semester.
Subject : Process control
Subject code : AEI-504.
Topic : Controller principles.
Duration : 50mts.
Sub Topic : Process Reaction Curve method
Teaching Aids : Diagrams.
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Recap

In previous class we have discussed about:


• Tuning methods

• Trial and error method

• Ultimate gain method

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Objectives

On completion of this period, you would be able


to know:

• Process reaction curve method

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Process reaction curve method

• This is called as open loop Transient Response method

• Developed by Ziegler – Nichols

• Basic approach is to open the process control loop so that no

feedback action occurs

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Process reaction curve method

• Step1: Disconnect the controller output from the final control


element All of the parameters are held at their nominal
values

• Step2: At some time a transient disturbance is introduced by a


small , manual change of the controlling variable using
the final control element

• This change should be as small as practical

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Process reaction curve method

• Step3: The controlled variable is measured (recorded) vs time

we get a graph called process reaction curve the

following fig.1 shows the PRC

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PROCESS REACTION CURVE

Fig.1

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Process reaction curve method

• The disturbance is applied at t1

• Deviation and disturbances are expressed in percent


change

• A tangent line is drawn at the inflection point of the curve

• Inflection point is the point on the curve where the slope


stops increasing and begins to decrease

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Process reaction curve method

• Tangent line crosses the time axis and we get

L = lag time in minutes

• The process reaction time (T) , and reaction rate (N)


are related as

• N = ΔCp/ T

• ΔCp = variable change in %

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• A log ratio is defined as R = NL / Cp

• The above equations are used for finding controller settings

• Cohen and Coon corrected equations are also


mentioned

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PRC method Ziegler- Nichols controller settings

controller Kp TI TD

P P - -
NL

PI 0.9 P 3.33L ---


NL

PID 1.2 P 2L 0.5L


NL

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Cohen and Coon corrected settings

• Cohen and Coon developed corrected equations

• The quarter amplitude response criterion is used

• The minimum area and quarter amplitude criteria are used


to measure quality

• The following table gives Cohen and Coon settings

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Cohen and Coon corrected controller settings

controller Kp TI TD

P P 1+ 1 NL - -
3 Cp
NL

PI P
0.9+
R 30+3R L ---
NL 12 9+20R

PID P 32+6R 4
1.33+R/4 13+ 8R L L
NL 11+2R

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Advantages

• Only a single experimental test is necessary.

• The controller settings are easily calculated.

• Less time consuming

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Disadvantages

• Inflection point is difficult to find when measurement is of

noisy.

• This method is not recommended for process that have

oscillatory response.

• Suitable for systems with self regulation

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Summary

We have discussed about:

• Explanation of process reaction curve method

• Cohen and coon relations

• Advantages and disadvantages

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QUIZ

1. PRC method is also called as

a. Transient response method


b. Trial and error
c. Gain method
d. None

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2. The first step of process reaction curve method is

a. Disconnect controller output


b. Apply disturbance
c. Disconnect error detector
d. None

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3. The inflection point is defined as

a. Point at which slope stops increasing


b. Point at which slope begins to decrease
c. Both a and b
d. None

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4. From the graph T is

a. Process reaction time


b. Process lag
c. Process lead
d. None

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Frequently asked Questions in Examinations

• Describe the PRC tuning method

• Define the inflection point

• List the demerits of PRC method

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