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DEPARTMENT OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

ANDHRA PRADESH
Name : K.Sambaiah
Designation : H.A.E.I.E.S
Branch : Applied Elect.&Instru. Engg.
Institute : GMRP, KARIMNAGAR.
Year/semester : V Semester
Subject : PROCESS CONTROL
Subject code : AEI-504.
Topic : Introduction to continuous batch process
and Final control Elements
Duration : 100 min.
Sub topic : Control Valves
Teaching aids : ppts,Diagrams
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Objectives

Upon Completion of this topic, you would


be able to know:
• Control Valve construction
• Different types of control valves

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Construction of control valve

• The control valve is basically divided


into three main parts
• Valve body

• Stem

• plug

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Construction of control valve (contd..)

Valve body:
• The body of a control valve is maintained in
accordance with requirements of
• Pressure
• Temperature
• Corrosion resistance etc.,

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Construction of control valve (contd..)

Commonly used materials are :


• Cast iron
• cast steel
• Stainless steel
• Bronze

• For high pressure valves forged steel is


frequently used

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Construction of control valve (contd..)

Stem :
• Stem is nothing but a vertical metallic shaft or rod

• The control of a control valve is achieved by moving


the stem to vary the area for flow

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Construction of control valve (contd..)

Plug :
• The valve plug is screwed into stem and then pinned

• It can be a single seated plug or double seated plug


which is guided at the top and bottom

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Construction of control valve (contd..)

• According to their basic shapes, plugs can be

classified as
• Disc
• V – shape
• Contoured

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Various Types of valve plugs

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Types of control valves

• There are three basic types of control valves whose


relationship between stem position and flow rate
• These are :
• Quick opening control valve
• Linear control valve
• Equal percentage control valve

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Characteristics of control valves

Fig 1

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Quick Opening Control Valve

• This type of valve is used predominantly for full on /


full off control applications
• A relatively small motion of valve, for example , may
allow 90% of maximum flow rate with only a 30%
travel of the stem

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Linear valve

• This type of valve has a flow rate that varies linearly

with the stem position

• It represents the ideal situation where the valve

alone determines the pressure drop

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Linear valve

• The relationship is expressed as

Q S
=
Q max Smax
Where
Q = flow rate (m3/s)
Qmax = maximum flow rate (m3/s)
S = stem position (m)
Smax = maximum stem position (m)

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Equal percentage valve

• This is a very important type of valve employed in


flow control

• It has a characteristics such that a given


percentage change in stem position produces an
equivalent change in flow , i.e. an equal percentage

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Equal percentage valve (contd..)

• Generally, this type of valve does not shut-off the


flow completely in its limits of stem travel

• At the other extreme, the valve allows a maximum


flow Qmax.

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Equal percentage valve (contd..)
• For this type we define rangeability R as the ratio

R = Qmax / Qmin

• The curve in fig. 1 shows that increase in flow rate for a


given change in valve opening depends the extent to
which the valve is already open
• This curve typically exponential in form and is
represented by

Q = Qmin .RS/Smax
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Different Types Of Control Valves

• A single seat control valve:


• Sliding Stem Control Valves:
• Lifting Gate Valves
• Rotating-Shaft Control Valves

A single seat control valve and a pneumatic actuator is


shown in fig. 2.

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Single Seat Control Valve

Fig:2, a single seat control valve and pneumatic actuator

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Single Seat Control Valve

• The vertical movement of the plug and stem of the


control valve changes the area of opening of the
port.
• The flow rate of the fluid passing through the port
is therefore proportioned or throttled by positioning
the valve stem. The stem in turn positioned by the
actuator.

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Sliding Stem Control Valves:

• Control valves in which the plug is operated by means


of reciprocating motion are termed sliding stem valves
and are of following types

1. Single seat plug valves

2. Double seat plug valves.

3. Lifting-gate valves.

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Single Seat Plug Valves

• The Single seat and double seat control valves are


shown in fig 3 &4.

• The single seat valve has only one port opening


between seat and plug and the entire flow passes
through this port.

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Single Seat Plug Valves

Fig:3, single seat control valve

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Single Seat Plug Valves

• It has the following features:

a)It is simple in construction

b)It can be shut off to provide zero flow.

c) There is a large force acting on the valve stem


because of the differential head acting across the
port and seat area.

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Double Seat Plug Valve

• The double seat valve has two port openings and


two seats and two plugs.
• The port openings are not usually identical in size
as in fig.

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Double Seat Plug Valve

Fig:4, double seats control valve

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Double Seat Plug Valve

This type has the following features.

• Net force acting on the valve stem is generally

small therefore pressure balanced.

• It cannot be shut off tightly because of differential

temperature expansion of value plug and valve

body

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Double Seat Plug Valve

• Few types of plugs for single seat and double seat

valves are shown in fig :5

• The piston type plug has one or more grooves

along its length and the flow passes vertically in

the grooves between the plug and seat ring.

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Fig:5 various plugs

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A few types of single seat valve plugs

• The V-port type plug is open on the inside and the


flow passes horizontally through the triangular
shaped area over the seat ring as in the fig. 5.

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Lifting Gate Valves

• Lifting gate valves are shown in figure 6.

• The gate valve in fig.6(a) is often used for fluids


containing solid matter, because it presents an open
area directly to the flow of fluid and does not involve a
change of direction of flow stream.

• A gate valve can usually be shut off tightly by wedging


into the seat.

• The chopping action at shut off is very useful for stringy


materials such as paper pulp.
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Lifting Gate Valves

a) Gate valve b) Weir valve

Fig: 6

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Lifting Gate Valves

• The weir valve of fig.6(b) particularly suited to certain


chemical fluids, because it has a smooth contour inside
the body with no “pockets” for solid matter and because
it has no packing gland around the stem.
• The flexible diaphragm of rubber or other non metallic
material is positioned by the plunger and stem.
• Fluid pressure inside the valve body holds the
diaphragm smoothly against the plunger.

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Rotating-Shaft Control Valves
• Control valves in which the restriction is accomplished
by the rotation of a plug or vane may be called
rotating-shaft type.

• These are:

1. Rotating-plug valves.
3. Butterfly valve
3. Louvers.

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Rotary Plug Valve

• The Rotating plug is shown in fig.7

• The plug is a cylindrical or conical


element with a transverse opening.

Fig:7, Rotary Plug Valve

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Rotary Plug Valve

• It is rotated in the valve body by an external lever so


that the opening on one side of the plug is gradually
covered or uncovered.

• The shape of the opening or port may be circular, V-


shape, rectangular, or any form that is desired to
produce a given flow-angle characteristic.

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Rotary Plug Valve

• A rotating plug valve having a conical plug can


generally be closed tightly and has high range ability.

• This type of valve is often employed for throttling the


flow of oil to burner systems.

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Butterfly Valve

• The butterfly valve is shown


in fig.8
• It consists of a single vane
rotating inside a circular or
rectangular pipe or casing.
• The shaft projects through
the casing and may be
operated externally.
Fig:8, Butterfly Valve

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Butterfly Valve
• The total rotation of the vane is usually restricted to
about 60 degrees, because the addition of 30 deg
does not produce much further increase in flow.
• The V-port butterfly valve incorporates a V-slot in the
body so that rotation of the vane opens a portion of
the V-slot.
• The rangeability may vary from 5 to 50 and tight shut
off may be obtained with special design.

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Summary

We have discussed about

• Construction of control valves


• Different types of control valves

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Quiz

1. Control valve basically consists of

a) Valve body

b) Stem

c) Plug

d) All the above

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Quiz

1. The material used for the construction of valve body of


a control valve is

a) Cast iron and cast steel

b) Bronze

c) Stainless steel

d) All the above

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Quiz

3. According to the basic shapes plug can be a

a) Disc

b) V – shaped

c) Contoured

d) All the above

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Frequently Asked Questions

1. Mention different types of control valves.

2. Explain quick opening, linear and equal percentage

control valves

3. Mention construction details of control valves

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