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DEPARTMENT OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

ANDHRA PRADESH
Name : E. Sunil Kumar
Designation : Lecturer
Branch : A.E.I.E
Institute : K.D.R.G.P.T, WNP,MBNR
Semester : VI
Subject : Industrial Electronics, PLC & SCADA
Subject code : AEI-602
Topic : Opto-electronic Devices
Duration : 100 mts

Subtopic : Photo Multiplier tube


Teaching Aids : PPTS, Animations, Diagrams
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Objectives

• Introduction of Photo Multiplier Tube (PMT)

• Explain the working principle of Photomultiplier tube

• Explain the construction of Photomultiplier tube

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Objectives…

• Explain the working of Photomultiplier tube

• Give the usage considerations of Photomultiplier tube

• List the applications of Photomultiplier tube

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Introduction

• Photomultiplier tubes are extremely sensitive detectors


of light in the ultraviolet, visible and near infrared.

• These detectors multiply the signal produced by incident


light by as much as 108, from which single photons can
be resolved

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Schematic of Photomultiplier tube

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Construction

Photomultiplier Tube

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Construction…
• Photomultipliers are constructed from
• a glass vacuum tube
• photocathode,
• dynodes,
• anode.

• Glass vacuum tube houses photocathode,


several dynodes, and anode.

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Principle

• Incident photons strike the photocathode material which

is present as a thin deposit on the entry window of the

device

• Electrons are produced due to photoelectric effect.

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Principle…

• These electrons are directed by the focusing electrode


towards the electron multiplier

• Thus electrons are multiplied by the process of


secondary emission.

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Working

• The electron multiplier consists of a number of


electrodes, called dynodes.

• Each dynode is held at a more positive voltage than the


previous one.

• The electrons leave the photocathode, having the


energy of the incoming photon

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Working…

• As they move towards the first dynode they are


accelerated by the electric field and arrive with much
greater energy.

• On striking the first dynode, more low energy electrons


are emitted and these, in turn, are accelerated toward
the second dynode.

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Working…

• The geometry of the dynode chain is such that a


cascade occurs with an ever-increasing number of
electrons being produced at each stage.

• Finally the anode is reached where the accumulation of


charge results in a sharp current pulse indicating the
arrival of a photon at the photocathode.

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Usage considerations

• Photomultiplier tubes typically require 1000 to 2000 volts


for proper operation.

• The most negative voltage is connected to the cathode

• The most positive voltage is connected to the anode.

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Usage considerations…

• Voltages are distributed to the dynodes by a resistive


voltage divider

• The divider design influences the frequency response


and rise time, and therefore may be critical to an
application.

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Usage considerations…

• While powered, photomultipliers must be shielded from


ambient light to prevent their destruction through over
excitation.

• If used in a location with high magnetic fields (which will


curve electron paths), they are shielded by a layer of mu-
metal.

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Applications

• The combination of high gain, low noise, high frequency


response and large area of collection have meant that
these devices still find applications in
• nuclear and particle physics,
• astronomy,
• medical imaging
• motion picture film scanning (telecine).

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Summary
We have discussed about

• Fundamentals of Photo Multiplier Tube (PMT)

• The working principle of Photomultiplier tube

• The construction of Photomultiplier tube

• Usage considerations of PMT

• Applications of PMT
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Quiz
1) Photomultiplier tubes typically require ………
….. for proper operation

a) 1000 to 2000 volts

c) 100 to 200 volts

e) 2000 to 3000 volts

g) 200 to 300 volts

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Quiz

2) Photomultiplier tubes are extremely sensitive


detectors of

a) Heat

b) Light

c) Current

d) voltage
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Quiz

3) The electron multiplier consists of a number of


electrodes, called

a) Electrodes

c) Plates

c) Dynodes

d) metals
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Quiz

4) Dynode is held at

a) Positive volatge

c) Negative voltage

e) Neutral

g) None

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Quiz

5) Electrons are produced due to

a) photoelectric effect

c) Photovoltaic effect

e) Photosensitve effect

g) none

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Quiz
6) In PMT electrons are multiplied by the process
of

a) Primary emission

b) secondary emission

c) Liberation

d) Multiplication

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Frequently Asked Questions

1. Give the working principle of Photomultiplier tube

3. Explain the working of photomultiplier tube in detail

5. List the usage considerations of photomultiplier tube

7. List the applications of photomultiplier tubes

AEI.602.11 TO 12 24

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