AEI602

DEPARTMENT OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
ANDHRA PRADESH
Name : K.Sambaiah
Designation : H.A.E.I.E.S
Branch : A.E.I.E
Institute : GMRP, KARIMNAGAR.
Semester : VI
Subject : PLC AND SCADA
Subject code : AEI-602
Topic : PLC PROGRAMING
Duration : 100 min.
Sub topic : Ladder Diagrams
Teaching aids : ppts,Diagrams
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Objectives
On Completion of this topic you will be able

to know…
• Ladder Diagrams
AEI602.49 to 50 2
Ladder Diagrams
• Similar to computer languages, PLCS also include 2

types of languages:
• Machine language
• Ladder language
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Ladder Diagrams
• This is written using 0s & 1s, which represent the OFF &
ON states of circuits within a PLC.
• Ladder Logic Language:
• This comprises i/p & o/p symbols.
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Ladder Diagrams
• It is a high level, graphic-based language
• Uses gates, such as AND, OR & NOT to specify &

control the i/p & o/p conditions.
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Symbols Used In The Ladder Logics
• Diagram using appropriate symbols.
Input Rung Output
• Fig.1. Simple Ladder Logic
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Construction of ladder diagram
• A PLC takes i/p from real-world devices & sensors &

based of the programming instructions, controls real-
world o/p devices.
• Ladder logic programs are used in PLC’s to write

programming instructions.
• The above figure.1 shows a simple ladder logic

diagram.
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Construction of ladder diagram…
• ladder logic consists of the following 3 elements:
1) I/P
2) O/P
3) Rung
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• A ladder logic diagram consists of 1 or more horizontal
lines, called rungs.
• The rungs contain the i/p & the o/p elements.
• In a ladder logic diagram, the i/p element is referred to

as the contact
• The o/p element is referred to as the coil.
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Don’ts
• Do not have more than 4 levels of ‘nesting’ per rung.

This holds true for I/p condition branching as well as
o/p action branching.
• Nested branches have the same start but different

ends.
• Alternately, branches that have different starts but the

same end are also called nested branches.
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• Therefore, nested branches have either a common start

point or a common end point.
• On the other hand, parallel branches have the same

start and the end points.
• There is no limit to the number of parallel branches that

a rung can have, depending on the capacity of the PLCs
RAM
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• The below figures shows the different types of nested

and parallel branches
• Ex: Nested branches with same Start
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• Ex: Nested branches with same end
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• Ex: Parallel Branches
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• Ex: Five Levels of nesting
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• Do not overlap branches.
• An overlapped branch means that a branch starts inside

a branch and outside the branch.
• An overlapped branch is illustrated in below figure.
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• Do not start branch at one level and end it at another

level. The below figure shows a branch starting at one
level and ending at another.
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• Do not start branch at one level and end it at another

level. The below figure shows a branch starting at one
level and ending at another.
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• Do not overlap branches at one level and end it at

another level. The below figure shows a branch starting
at one level and ending at another.
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Do’s
• The Do’s ensure that you place the i/p conditions that
there is minimum possible processing required to test
the i/p conditions to take an appropriate o/p action.
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• While placing I/p conditions in series, in a situation where

all the conditions should be met, place the condition
most likely to be False at the extreme left end.
• Sequence the I/p conditions from left to right in the order

of most likely to be False to most likely to be True, as
shown in below figure.
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• Condition most likely Condition most likely

to be false to be true
• Placing input conditions in a series
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• When placing i/p conditions in parallel, in a situation

where 1 of the conditions should be met, place the
condition most likely to be True on the top & the most
likely to be False at the bottom.
• The below figure shows an arrangement
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• Condition most
Likely to be true
• Condition most
Likely to be false
Fig: Placing input conditions in parallel
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Summary
We have discussed
• Ladder Diagrams Construction
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QUIZ
1.In PLC what are the programming languages

used .
a) Machine language:
b) Ladder language
c) a&b
d) none
Ans: c
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QUIZ
2) Ladder logic consists how many elements
a) input
b) Rung
c) output.
d) all
Ans: d
AEI602.49 to 50 27
Frequently Asked Questions
2. Briefly explain ladder logic elements.
4. Write Simple Ladder Logic programme.
3. Give the procedure to construct a correct ladder logic

diagram.
4. Briefly explain symbols used in ladder logic diagrams.
AEI602.49 to 50 28

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DEPARTMENT OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

On Completion of this topic you will be able

• Similar to computer languages, PLCS also include 2

• Ladder Logic Language:

• This comprises i/p & o/p symbols.

• It is a high level, graphic-based language

• Uses gates, such as AND, OR & NOT to specify &

• Diagram using appropriate symbols.

Input Rung Output

• Fig.1. Simple Ladder Logic

• A PLC takes i/p from real-world devices & sensors &

• Ladder logic programs are used in PLC’s to write

• The above figure.1 shows a simple ladder logic

• ladder logic consists of the following 3 elements:

• The rungs contain the i/p & the o/p elements.

• In a ladder logic diagram, the i/p element is referred to

• The o/p element is referred to as the coil.

• Do not have more than 4 levels of ‘nesting’ per rung.

• Nested branches have the same start but different

• Alternately, branches that have different starts but the

• Therefore, nested branches have either a common start

• On the other hand, parallel branches have the same

• There is no limit to the number of parallel branches that

• The below figures shows the different types of nested

• Ex: Nested branches with same Start

• Ex: Nested branches with same end

• Ex: Parallel Branches

• Ex: Five Levels of nesting

• An overlapped branch means that a branch starts inside

• An overlapped branch is illustrated in below figure.

• Do not start branch at one level and end it at another

• Do not start branch at one level and end it at another

• Do not overlap branches at one level and end it at

• While placing I/p conditions in series, in a situation where

• Sequence the I/p conditions from left to right in the order

• Condition most likely Condition most likely

• Placing input conditions in a series

• When placing i/p conditions in parallel, in a situation

• The below figure shows an arrangement

Fig: Placing input conditions in parallel

• Ladder Diagrams Construction

1.In PLC what are the programming languages

2) Ladder logic consists how many elements

2. Briefly explain ladder logic elements.

4. Write Simple Ladder Logic programme.

3. Give the procedure to construct a correct ladder logic

4. Briefly explain symbols used in ladder logic diagrams.

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