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DEPARTMENT OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

HYDERABAD
Name : M. Vani
Designation : Lecturer
Branch : AEI
Institution : Dr.B.R.Ambedkar GMRP,KNR
Year/sem : III-sem
Subject : Process Instrumentation-1
Subject code : AEI-305
Topic : Fundamentals of Instrumentation
Duration : 100 minutes
Sub-topic : Basic units
Teaching aids : PPT
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Objectives

Upon completion of the topic you will be able to


know about

• Definition of Instrumentation.

• Purpose of instrumentation.

• Measurement

• Definition of basic units.

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Definition of Instrumentation

• Instrumentation is the branch of engineering that deals with

the study of transducers.

•It deals with the measurement and control of parameters.


PURPOSE

• The basic purpose of instrumentation is control of

physical quantities and variables within specified quantity

limitations at maximum efficiency and minimum cost.

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PURPOSE …..

1) Final quality of a product


It depends on the control of manufacturing conditions .

2) Data collection
Data is collected for cost accounting
Ex: energy meter shows how much quantity of
electricity is used.

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PURPOSE…

3) Testing

Testing of sample pieces can be carried out rapidly with


instruments

3) Research

Increased accuracy, speed, simplicity etc, are the


advantages offered by modern instruments.

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PURPOSE…
1. Safety:
• Instruments which are designed should be safe to both
the human and machine.

• If dangerous conditions occur such as fire, explosion,


leakage of poisonous gas,

• Then instrument detect these conditions by audible or


visible alarms and shut off fuel supplies, close fire
doors, start ventilating

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Measurement

• Measurement is a comparison of a given unknown


quantity with one of its predetermined standard values.

• Measurement is made in terms of units.

• There are basically two types of measurements.


• Direct measurement
• Indirect measurement

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Definitions of Basic units
The following are the basic units
• Length

• Time

• Mass

• Temperature

• Electric current

• Mole

• Luminous intensity
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Length

• The unit of length is meter. (m)

• It was initially defined as1/106part of the meridional


quadrant through Paris.

• It is defined by the International Bureau of Weights and


Measures as the distance travelled by light in absolute
vacuum in 1⁄299,792,458 of a second

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International Prototype Meter bar

Fig. 1

• It is made of an alloy of platinum and iridium

• That was the standard from 1889 to 1960


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Length…
• This is represented by the distance between the two
lines engraved on a platinum- iridium bar preserved at
the International Bureau of Weights and measures near
Paris.

• For over 20 years the international standard meter was


1,650,763.73 wavelength of the orange-red radiation
from a Krypton discharge lamp.

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Time
• Time is expressed in seconds (sec) .

• The unit of time, the second, was defined originally as


the fraction 1/86 400 of the mean solar day

• A second is defined as the duration of 9,192,631,770


periods of radiation corresponding to the transitions
between the 2 hyperfine levels of the ground state of the
cesium 133 atom

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Mass

• Mass is expressed in kilogram (kg).

• The primary standard of mass in North America is the


United States Prototype Kilogram. It has an accuracy of 1
part in 108.

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Mass…

• The secondary standard of mass have an accuracy of

1ppm.

• The Pound (lb) is established by the Weights and

Measures Act of 1963 is defined as equal to

0.45359237 kg.

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International prototype of the kilogram.

Fig. 2

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Temperature

• The unit of temperature is Kelvin (ºk).

• It is the unit of thermodynamic temperature is fraction

1/273.16of the thermodynamic temperature of triple

point of water.

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Electric current
• The unit of current is ampere A

• It is the constant current, which is maintained in two straight


parallel conductors of infinite length of negligible cross-
section, and placed one meter a part in vacuum shown in
Fig.

• This will produce a force between them which is equal to


2X10-
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7
newton/meter.
Measurement of current

Fig. 3

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Mole
• The mole is the amount of substance of a system which

contains as many elements entities as there are atoms in

0.012kg of carbon 12.

• Its symbol is "mol."

• When the mole is used, the elementary entities must be

specified and may be atoms, molecules, ions, electrons,

other particles, or specified groups of such particles

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Luminous intensity
Candela is the unit for luminous intensity.
• It is in the perpendicular direction of a surface of
1/600,000 square meter of a black body at the
temperature of freezing platinum under a pressure of
101,325 Newton per square meter. (N/M2)
(Or)
• In a given direction, of a source that emits
monochromatic radiation of frequency 540 x 1012 hertz
and that has a radiant intensity in that direction of 1/683
watt per steradian.
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Summary

In this class we have discussed about

• Definition of instrumentation.

• Purpose of instrumentation.

• Measurement.

• Definition of the basic units.

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Quiz

• The quantitative comparison between the predefined

standard and the unknown quantity is known as

a) Unit

b) Measurement

c) Instrumentation

d) None

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Quiz…

2) Temperature of a body is measured in

a) Kilogram

b) Kelvin

c) Seconds

d) liters

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Frequently asked questions
1. Define instrumentation.

3. Define measurement.

5. Define the following units.


a) Mass

b) Time

c) Length

d) Luminous intensity

e) Temperature
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