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DEPARTMENT OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

ANDHRA PRADESH
Name of the staff : D. Simhachalam
Designation : Lecturer
Branch : A.E.I.E
Institute : K. D. R .G. P. T, Wanaparthy
Semester : III
Subject : Process Instrumentation-I
Subject code : AEI-305
Topic : Conductivity, Weight & Humidity
measurement
Duration : 100 minutes

Subtopic : Description of Conductivity meters


Teaching Aids : PPT’s, Animations, Diagrams
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Recap

In the previous period, you have studied about

• The description of conductivity cell

• In theory, a conductivity cell is formed by two 1-cm


square surfaces spaced 1-cm apart

• Now this cell is used for the measurement of


conductance

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Objectives

Upon completion of this topic, you would be able


to know about Conductivity meters

• Principles

• Operation

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Principle of operation

• The solution whose conductance is to be measured, is


taken in the conductivity cell

• The apparatus used for conductance measurement is


shown in the figure

• It is a modified form of Wheatstone bridge

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Conductivity meter

Fig 1
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Principle of operation…

• The conductance varies with temperature.

• Therefore, the solution temperature should be kept


constant throughout the experiment.

• This is achieved by placing the conductivity cell in the


thermostat.

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Principle of operation…

• The cell is connected to a resistance box R on one side

• A long thin wire AB stretched along a scale on the other


side

• Now some known resistance ‘R’ is taken out of the


resistance box

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Principle of operation…

• An alternating current is passed through the solution with


the help of induction coil

• The sliding contact ‘d’ is moved on the wire AB

• So that minimum or no sound is heard in the head


phone, T.

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Principle of operation…
• At this point, the following relationship holds good

Resistance of solution length Bd


=
Resistance R length Ad

• Thus by knowing R, Ad and Bd, the resistance of the


solution can be calculated.

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Principle of operation…

• Since conductivity of the solution = 1/Resistance of the


solution ,

• Therefore, by knowing resistance of the solution, the


conductivity of the solution can be calculated

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Conductivity Cells

• There are two types of Conductivity Cell

• Two electrode cell

• Four electrode cell

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Two electrode cell

• The two electrode cell is the most commonly used


conductivity cell

• Glass cells have electrodes made of platinum.

• Epoxy cells have easy to clean graphite plates.

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Two electrode cell…

• These conductivity cells do not have errors caused by


fringe field effects.

• Because the entire measuring field is contained within


the electrode body.

• This kind of probe can be used with almost any


conductivity meter.

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Conductivity Measurement

Na+

Cl-

Fig 2

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Two electrode cell

Fig 3
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Two electrode cell (Epoxy)

Fig 4

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Two electrode cell (Glass)

Fig 5

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Four electrode cell

• The electrode design reduces the problem of polarization


error and fouling of the electrode.

• Polarization comes about because of electro-chemical


reaction with the probe surface

• In the four electrode design alternating current is applied


only to the outer pair of rings.

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Four electrode cell…

• The voltage is measured on the inner rings without

polarization effects

• Because no current flows in the measuring circuit.

• This type of probe is superior in function in almost any

solution

• Covers the whole conductivity range with one probe

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Four electrode cell

Fig 5
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Four Electrode Conductivity Cells

Fig 6

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Four electrode cell (Epoxy)

Fig 7

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LaMotte 5 Series

• Some practical conductivity meters such as LaMotte 5


Series are given

• These are CON 5 Meters.

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The LaMotte 5 Series

CON 5 Meter
Fig 8

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The LaMotte 5 Series

Fig 9 CON 5 Meter


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The LaMotte 5 Series

Fig 10
CON 5 Meter

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Summary

In this period, you have learnt about :

• The principle of operation of measurement of


Conductivity meter

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Quiz

1. The conductivity of the solution depends on

a) Temperature
b) Mobility of ions in solution
c) Both (a) & (b)
d) None

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Quiz

1. How to achieve the conductivity measurement


insensitive to the temperature changes?

b) By keeping Conductivity cell in thermostat

c) Conductivity cell kept in cooler

d) Both (a) & (b)

e) None

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Frequently asked questions

2. Explain the principle of operation of conductivity meter


with neat sketch?

4. Draw the diagram of conductivity meter

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