Land

Grading involves the reshaping the ground surface to planned grades as determined as engineering survey, evaluation, and layout. Land grading provides:

more suitable topography for buildings, facilities, and other land uses Helps to control surface runoff, soil erosion, sedimentation during and after construction.

 Aesthetics

Geomorphic

Blends ecologically and visually with the character of the existing natural landscape. Creates uniform slope and forms usually are crisply defined geometric shades.

Architectonic

Naturalistic

Most common type of grading, particularly in suburban and rural settings. It is a stylized approach in which abstract (or organic landforms are used) to present or imitate landscape.

 Enclosure

Provides safety and protection such as restraining children from running.

Containment Protection Privacy Screening It terminates the lines and eliminates undesirable views.

 Enhancing

topography

Proposed landforms, topography or grade changes and design elements maybe constructed or placed to emphasize, negate or have a little impact on visual structure of the landscape. Basic considerations:

Enhance Compliment Contrast Conflict particular landscape context

cut is the removal of a portion of a sites natural topography.

 Fill

is the process of blending additional earth into a sites existing topography.

combination of cut and fill.

 Grading

that results in radical loss of vegetation and or topsoil Grading that interrupts the natural drainage Grading that results in aesthetic degradation Grading on difficult slopes (excess of 25%), in floodplains, estuaries, or bogs, or in other environmentally unique conditions. Grading in areas susceptible to natural disasters, such as mud slides or along earthquake fault lines.

Mulch -Is a protective cover placed over the soil, to retain moisture, reduce erosion, suppress weed growth and seed germination, and provide nutrients as they decay.

 Planting

Mortar

bags

Selected trees, shrubs, and vines (indigenous preferred) Plant roots and detritus knit and hold the surface soil layers.

Treated bags filled with dry sandcement mortar.

Rubble -Dumped or placed fragments of broken stone.

-Rubble

is broken stone, of irregular size, shape and texture.

Gabions
-boxes

filled with soil or sand -For erosion control caged riprap is used. -For dams or foundation construction, cylindrical metal structures are used.

Rip-rap - is rock or other

material used to armour shorelines, streambeds, bridge abutments, pilings and other shoreline structures against scour, water or ice erosion.

 Cribbing

Footing

A laid-up crib at interlocking used metal or concrete members filled with rock ballast.

Pored concrete with stone or ceramic facing

Piling -Interlocking sections of steel or pre-cast concrete

-a

column of wood or steel or concrete that is driven into the ground to provide support for a structure

Retaining wall - Cast wall may be left rough- with form board or exposed aggregate texture.

EMBANKMENT

LANDSCAPE CURVE

GULLY

SWALES

DITCH

MOUND

KNOLL

Landscape curve is used to blend cut buttons and tops of engineered embankments. Such naturalized slopes are more stable and more pleasing to the eye.