BY

V.Prathiksha
K.Sharmila jasmine
S.Sumathi
K.Priyadharsini
G.Gowthami
DEFINITIONS

Cancer: A disease of uncontrolled cell growth

Tumour: Mass of tissue formed by abnormal cell

growth

Carcinogens: Substances that induce cancer

Anticancer agents: Substances that prevent
cancer
 Carcinogen

Directly cause React with chemicals

mutations in DNA in body and cause
gene mutation

Tumor development

cancer
 Sources of
carci nogens

Chemicals UV rays Radioactive substances

Food

 Industrial emission

Smoking & tobacco

 Natural food components except Aflatoxins

 Cancer rate due to processed food

consumption

 Food additives
 DANGEROUS FOOD ADDITIVES
 Substances which
are deliberately
added to food for
purpose of
Preservation
 Coloring
Texture
Enhancing flavour

•Legal to use but is shown to cause cancer

 FOOD ADDITIVES INDUCING CANCER

CHEMICAL ROLE FOOD TYPE OF

S CANCER
Propyl gallate Antioxidant Oil, Potato Urinary
sticks bladder
BHA, BHT Antioxidant Chewing cancer
---------------
gum, oil,
cereals,
Potassium Leavening potato
Bread &chips
rolls --------------
bromate agent
MSG Flavour Soups, salad
enhancer dressing, ----------
sausages
Aspartame Sweetener Diet sodas, Brain tumor
diet foods
Acesulfame Sweetener Baked foods, Thyroid
soft drinks,
chewing
gum
CHEMICAL ROLE FOOD TYPE OF
S CANCER
Olestra Fat Crackers, -----------------
substitute potato chips
Sodium Preservativ Bacon, Bowel
nitrite e, coloring, ham,hot cancer
flavouring dogs,meats,
smoked fish
Blue 1 & 2 Food Candy, Brain tumor
colorant beverages,
bakery
Red 3 Food goods,
Fruit Thyroid
colorant cocktails, cancer
baked
Yellow 6 Food foods,candy
Baked foods, Adrenal
colorant candy, gland,
sausages kidney
Acryl amide Chips & tumors
Damages
bread DNA
Saccharin Sweetener Soda Bladder
cancer
NOTE
 avoid colored foods

 prolonged
consumption

 Foods in their natural

form
 Metabolism of nutrients

Energy + unstable O2 atom( free radical)

Free radical + e from neighbouring Chain Damage DNA,enzymes,proteins

molecule Reaction (CAUSE FOR CANCER)
 ACTION OF
ANTIOXIDANTS

HELP!
 ACTION OF
ANTIOXIDANTS

HAPPY
 REACTION
MECHANISM

R*+ AO R+ AO*

AO* AO+ Heat

Retinoids are better known as vitamin A .
Present in liver,egg yolk,butter,fish,yellow and orange fruits.

9- cis retinoic acid

RETINOL
Trans retinoic acid

It binds to the nuclear receptor inducing or suppressing the DNA

transcription.
Receptors:
a)Retinoid acid receptor
b)Retinoid X receptor
Synthetic retinoids: TRETINOIN,ISO TRETINOIN,ADAPALENE.
• SOURCES: fish, shellfish, red meat, egg yolks,
chicken, garlic.
• necessary for the function of the detoxifying
enzyme glutathione peroxidase.
• hydroxyl radicals attack DNA and cause
mutations.
• protection against ultraviolet induced skin
tumors.
• reduces the incidence of cancers involving the
lung, colon/rectum and prostate.
• Reduces the mortality of lung cancer.
• SOURCES: orange and red
vegetables , carrots, tomatoes,
beets, and berries.

• Reduces free radical damage

of DNA after ultraviolet
exposure.

• Beta-carotene with vitamins C

and E offer synergistic cell
protection against free
radicals.

• Protect lipids, blood and other

body fluids from free radicals.
• SOURCES:Nuts,wheat germ oil ,spinach, citrus fruits.

• Vitamin C combined with vitamin E -photoprotective

effect than either agent alone.

• Due to the capacity of vitamin C to regenerate vitamin E

from its free radical form.

• Vitamin C, or ascorbic acid–stabilize collagen’s helical

structure.

• Vitamin E or alpha tocopherol –prevents peroxidation of

FOOD ACTIVE MECHANISM TYPE OF
INGREDIENT CANCER
Green tea Polyphenols, Prevents free radical, MOUTH,BREAST
Catechins stops action of cancer CANCER
causing chemicals.
Black tea Polyphenols, anti- Prevents free radical PROSTRATE,BOW
oxidants. formation, EL CANCER
Stops action of cancer
causing chemicals.
Tofu, soya milk Iso flavones Act as oestrogen Reduce the risk of
HARMONAL
CANCER.
Tomato Lycopene Mops free radical PROSTRATE
CANCER
Cod liver oil Omega 3 fatty acid. --------------------- BREAST AND
COLON CANCER
Grape seeds Polyphenol Inhibit epidermal lipid SKIN CANCER
peroxidation
Cabbage,cauliflow Indole 3-carbinol ----------------------- -------------------
er
Rice bran Cyclo artenol Anti inflammatory --------------------
ferulate
 CANCER TREATMENT
 SURGERY

 RADIATION
THERAPY


CHEMOTHERAP
Y
 SURGERY
 To diagnose or to treat a disease
 Diagnostic surgery
a piece of tumor removed & tissue
viewed under microscope
 Curative surgery
organ removed along with lymph glands
• Laser
• Cryosurgery
• Moh’s procedure
• Laproscopy
• Electrosurgery
 RADIATION THERAPY
 Ionising radiation to control
malignant cells
 For curative or adjuvant cancer
treatment
 As palliative or in therapeutic
treatment
 Primary therapy
 Treatment intent depends on
- tumor type, location &
stage
- patient health
 Commonly applied to gross
tumor
TYPES SIDE EFFECTS
Conventional external Damage of mouth,
beam throat, oesophage &
Intensity modulated bowel
Soreness & ulceration
of head & neck areas
Fibrosis
Dryness
Hair loss
• Radiotherapy through infusion or ingestion
• Examples
 Iodine 131 thyroid cancer
Leutetium 177
Yttrium 90 neuroendocrine cancer
Glass/resin
live tumors/liver metastases
microspheres
 CHEMOTHERAPY
• Administration of cytotoxic or anticancer drugs
• Non oncological
• Targets fast dividing cells
• ACTION
- affect cell division/DNA syntehesis & function
- directly targets molecular abnormality
- modulate tumor cell behaviour
- some cause cells to apoptosis
TYPES SIDE EFFECTS
antimetabolites Nausea,
alkylating drugs vomiting
anthracyclins Diarrhoea
monoclonal antibodies Hair loss
DISAVANTAGES
More effective on younger cells
--loss of differentiation, growth is less regulated
Doesn’t reach the centre of solid core
Compounds used in chemotherapy

 TAXOL
Yew tree
inhibits mitosis in tumor cells
 Flourouracil
 Adriamycin
 Methotrexate
 • CISPLATIN

Cl
H3N Pt
H3N Cl

• CARBOPLATIN
• NEDAPLATIN & OXALIPLATIN
• 2-PICOLINE Pt COMPLEX- 2 to 3 times slow hydrolysis
than cisplatin
 OTHER METALS
METALS MECHANIS TYPE OF
Titanium M
Transferrin CANCER
Breast & GI
carcinomas
Gold Transferrin Cisplatin sensitive
& ovarian cancer
Gallium Transferrin Lung &urothelium
carcinomas
Rutheniu Transferrin Primary tumors
m
Copper Mixed ligand ------
Cobalt pH dependant Leukemia &
carcinoma cell
lines
MECHANISM OF CIS PLATIN
• drug accumulation
• Altered drug metabolism
• Altered drug targets
• repair of drug induced
damage
• trapping agents
formation
• Combination of
resistance mechanism