CHAPTER 2

SUPER STRUCTURE

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Definition - physical or conceptual structure extended or developed from a basic form. - The part of a building or other structure above the foundation

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SUPER STRUCTURE

2.1 Load Distribution 2.2 Building 2.2.1 Ground Floor 2.2.2 Column 2.2.3 Upper Floor 2.2.4 Staircase 2.2.5 Roof 2.2.6 Finishing 2.2.7 Mechanical & Electrical Services 2.2.8 External Works Attached to Building

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SUPER STRUCTURE

2.3 Infrastructure 2.3.1 Road Works 2.3.2 Drainage System 2.3.3 Retaining Wall 2.3.4 Landscape 2.3.5 M&E Works 2.4 Specializes Construction 2.4.1 Bridges 2.4.2 Box Culvert 2.4.3 Dam 2.4.4 Air Port 2.4.5 High Rise Building
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2.1

Load Distribution

2.1 Load Distribution - must consider not only what loading conditions might effect a structure, but also how those loads are transferred from their point of origin through the structure to the ground. - design decisions concerning the structural framing system will dictate this flow of forces - Normally base on load from - Dead load - Wind load - Life load - Flow of load distribution - Roof truss roof beam column foundation - Wall beam column foundation - Slab beam column foundation

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Load Distribution

The load at the midspan of the joist of the frame is illustrated as a large arrow pointing down. This load is split into two parts, with a proportional part going to each end of the beam. This in turn becomes a point load at the midspan of the smaller beams. They transfer the load to the earth. The load on each column in this case is only one quarter of the initial load. This is one method of distributing a load.

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2.1

Load Distribution

The second drawing illustrates a wooden floor of thick planks that span between two beams. Each of the four squares of the flat surfaces is the tributary area of the beam below it. A tributary area of a structural element (such as a joist, beam, column, or wall) is the area that contributes to the loading of that specific element. In this case, the plans transfer their loads and pass them on to the two beams. These beams can only transfer their loads equally to the two columns which support them. Thus, the tributary area can be drawn by determining the supporting characteristics of the horizontally spanning members.
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2.1

Load Distribution

This is again illustrated below for a simple frame structure. The loads are gathered by each structural element and passed on to that element's supporting elements. These supports in turn pass their loads to the next supporting element until the original load has been transferred all the way to the earth.

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Load Distribution

The load distribution pattern and the explicit summation of the loads can have a direct effect upon the size of the elements. Load distribution often causes unequal loading of the vertical supporting members. This may or may not be indicated by the designed form of that element.
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Load distribution? How?

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Load distribution? How?

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2.2

Building

2.2.1 Ground Floor (Non Suspended Floor : Setting Out, Lean Concrete, Ground Beam, Ground Slab, Starter bars, Water Proofing, Plastic Sheet, Suspended Floor) 2.2.2 Column 2.2.3 Upper Floor 2.2.4 Staircase 2.2.5 Roof 2.2.6 Finishing 2.2.7 Mechanical & Electrical Services 2.2.8 External Works Attached to Building This is typical step of building construction, it may have some various when it came to real practices.. Good luck
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2.2.1

Ground Floor (Non Suspended Floor : Setting Out, Lean Concrete, Ground Beam, Ground Slab, Starter bars, Water Proofing, Plastic Sheet, Suspended Floor)

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2.2.1

Ground Floor (Non Suspended Floor : Setting Out, Lean Concrete, Ground Beam, Ground Slab, Starter bars, Water Proofing, Plastic Sheet, Suspended Floor)

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2.2.1

Ground Floor (Non Suspended Floor : Setting Out, Lean Concrete, Ground Beam, Ground Slab, Starter bars, Water Proofing, Plastic Sheet, Suspended Floor)

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2.2.1

Ground Floor (Non Suspended Floor : Setting Out, Lean Concrete, Ground Beam, Ground Slab, Starter bars, Water Proofing, Plastic Sheet, Suspended Floor)

- Provide a level surface that is capable of supporting all the live and dead loads imposed -Critical with moisture -need water proofing (chemical product, liquid or powder) -sometime, plastic sheet is just enough -depend with site condition normally mention in drawing or document contract -Lean concrete -Construct base on setting out -shape, point, corner, drop, construction joint -Define structure level -check with all drawing, such as shop drawing, construction drawing of C&S and Architect) -Always refer with general detail drawing

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2.2.1

Ground Floor (Non Suspended)

-Ground floor include -Ground beam -Backfill inside ground beam -Lean concrete -Anti-termite protection -Damp proof membrane -Install rebar (bb, bt, tb & tt) -Thickness normally around 150mm to 200mm (can be more) -Density depend on specification (25N/mm2, 30N/mm2 or more) -Define structure level -check with all drawing, such as shop drawing, construction drawing of C&S and Architect) -Always refer with general detail drawing -Always provide starter bars for next structure (slab or column)

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2.2.1

Ground Floor (Non Suspended)

-only use side formwork to form shape of the ground floor -define M&E and services piping or ducting location and level before place concrete -Install chairs for spacer -Set up joint inspection, joint survey (architect, engineer, surveyor) -check with all drawing, such as shop drawing, construction drawing of C&S and Architect) -Set up machineries, manpower, tools, equipment, materials, logistic, weather forces before proceed with concreting -Always plan for back up (during concreting) -Pouring concrete can be done by using concrete bucket and crane or concrete pump -Side formwork can be removed after 1 days (depend on size of the structure)

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2.2.1

Ground Floor (Non Suspended)

Function of floor - The provision of a uniform, level surface - Sufficient strength and stability - Durability - Sound Insulation - Thermal insulation -Fire Protection The load of floor is made up of: - Dead Load self weight - Life Load such as furniture, equipment or machinery, people and etc.

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2.2.2

Column
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2.2.2

Column

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2.2.2

Column

- starter bars, check on numbers, size, location, lap length -many shape, -square, round, diamond, tri angle, combination of any shape -alignment and orientation of column -vertical or arch -height of column depend on structure and architect drawing (calculate or stated) -Set numbers of formwork (recycle concept, save time and cost) -Install vertical bars with sufficient number of link and check -Lap length (bottom and top) -Shape of link -Spacer block -Install M&E piping or ducting -Install formwork base from setting out and check verticality of the formwork

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2.2.2

Column

- process of concreting almost same with ground floor but vertical drop of concrete cannot be more than 1.5 meter high why??? -Require opening on one side of the vertical formwork which is not exceed 1.5 m high how??? -concrete chute is an alternative -How to support formwork -How to do plum on the formwork

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2.2.2

Column

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2.2.2

Column

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2.2.2

Column

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2.2.2

Column

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2.2

Building

2.2.1 Ground Floor (Suspended Floor : Setting Out, Lean Concrete, Ground Beam, Ground Slab, Starter bars, Water Proofing, Plastic Sheet, Suspended Floor) 2.2.2 Column 2.2.3 Upper Floor 2.2.4 Staircase 2.2.5 Roof Beam 2.2.6 Finishing 2.2.7 Mechanical & Electrical Services 2.2.8 External Works Attached to Building

This is typical step of building construction, it may have some various when it came to real practices.. Good luck
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2.2.3

Upper Floor

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2.2. 3

Upper Floor

Normally suspended floor - Beam and slab cast together - Continue from starter bars from column Construction process - conventional or traditional method (cast in-situ) - modern or industrialized method (precast, system formwork) Typical method of construction from first floor up to roof beam Provide a level surface that is capable of supporting all the live and dead loads imposed Provide area under need for M&E services

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2.2. 3

Upper Floor (conventional method)

- Conventional or traditional method - Setting out - Install soffit formwork for beam - Install side formwork for beam - Install formwork for slab - Install rebar for beam & slab - Install any starter bars required - Install spacer block and chairs - Install ducting or conduit for M&E - Construct any required opening - Make sure location of drop - Joint inspection (surveyor, engineer, architect, M&E) - concreting
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Upper Floor (conventional method)

Advantage of Conventional method - Well known - Economy for low cost project - Material, easy to get - Easy to modify base on drawing

Disadvantage of Conventional method - Time constrain

- no working area under the floor - for concrete to cure

Required skill workers Not so systematic (base on experience) Do not allow for cold joint Very congested
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2.2. 3

Upper Floor (industrialized method)

- modern or industrialized method - Setting out - Normally using system formwork (beam & slab) - Install rebar for beam & slab at fabrication yard - Cast slab or beam at fabrication yard (pre-stress structure) - Install beam or slab - Install ducting or conduit for M&E - Construct any required opening - Make sure location of drop - Joint inspection (surveyor, engineer, architect, M&E) - Concreting (topping up)

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2.2. 3

Upper Floor (industrialized method)

Advantage of modern or industrialized method - Fast track project - Economy for high cost project - Sectional slab and beam re-design by f/w consultant or design by consultant at early stage - Easy to construct and maintain cleanliness - Systematic Disadvantage of modern or industrialized method - Required skill workers - Cannot simply cut for opening - Take time to study and plan for the system - Not every contractor can afford cost inquire
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2.2. 3

Upper Floor (Pre-cast Floor)

Advantage of modern or industrialized method - Fast track project - Economy for high cost project - Sectional slab and beam re-design by f/w consultant or design by consultant at early stage - Easy to construct and maintain cleanliness - Systematic - Reduce +/- 50% of concrete volume (hollow section) - Reduce +/- 25% of reinforcement weight - Reduce +/- 10% of foundation size Disadvantage of modern or industrialized method - Required skill workers - Cannot simply cut for opening - Take time to study and plan for the system - Not every contractor can afford cost and ability to construct

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2.2. 3

Upper Floor (Pre-cast Floor)

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2.2. 3

Upper Floor (Pre-cast Floor)

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2.2. 4

Staircase

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Stairs
Terminology: Stairwell: the space in which the stairs and landings are housed. Stairs: the actual means of ascension or descension from one level to another. Tread: the upper surface of a step on which the foot is placed.

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Stairs
Nosing: the exposed edge of a tread, usually projecting with a square, rounded of splayed edge. Riser: the vertical member between two consecutive treads. Step: Riser plus tread. Flight: a series of steps without a landing.

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Stairs
Newel: post forming the junction of flights of stairs with landings. Strings: the members receiving the ends of steps which are generally housed to the string; called wall or outer strings according to their position.

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Stairs
Handrail: protecting member usually parallel to the string and spanning between newels. Baluster: the vertical infill member between a string and handrail.

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2.2. 4

Staircase

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2.2. 4

Staircase

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2.2. 4

Staircase

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2.2. 4

Staircase

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2.2. 4

Staircase

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2.2. 4

Staircase

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2.2. 4

Staircase

-Purpose -Provide access between various level with in building -Also use for escape in case of fire (designer have to comply with regulation or act regarding materials, position, size and safety) - types of staircase -In-situ Single straight stairway (simply support, landing to landing) - in-situ Staircase with landing between bottom and upper floor (popular) -Inclined slab -String beam -Cranked or continuous -cantilever -Spiral staircase (in-situ or pre-cast) -Pre-cast concrete staircase -Single straight -Cranked -Open riser -Metal staircase isham ismail 55

2.2. 4

Staircase

-In-situ Single straight flight stairway -Simple design and construction -simply support -landing to landing -Space occupies

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2.2. 4

Staircase

- in-situ Staircase with landing between bottom and upper floor (popular) -Inclined slab (fig: 12.1.3) -Landing usually at mid point of the rise -Equal flight span -Reduce effective span and bending moment -Tension lab is required at top and bottom of each flight to overcome the tension -Give better visual from the underside

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2.2. 4

Staircase

- in-situ Staircase with landing between bottom and upper floor (popular) - string beam stairs (fig: 12.1.4) -An alternative design -A string or edge beam is used to span from landing to landing -A string results in a thinner waist dimension and overall saving in the concrete volume -Required extra formwork for string beam

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2.2. 4

Staircase

- in-situ Staircase with landing between bottom and upper floor (popular) - cranked slab stairs (fig: 12.1.5) -Very often used, because the half space landing has no visible support -Design as cantilever slab (half space landing ) -Required more reinforcement at slab area -Create problem for concreting process (massy rebar)

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2.2. 4

Staircase

- in-situ Staircase with landing between bottom and upper floor (popular) - cantilever stairs (fig: 12.1.6) -Sometime called spine wall stairs -Consist a vertical RC wall between flight to half space landing -Because of cantilever, rebar is place in the top of the flight slab and landing slab (for negative bending moment) -Can be single strait flight or two equal flight with intermediate half space landing

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2.2. 4

Staircase (Pre-cast)

- Pre-cast concrete staircase - advantages -better quality control of the finish product -saving site space (no storage for fw and fabrication) -stairway enclosing shaft can be utilized as a space for hoisting or -lifting materials during the major construction period -can be positioned and fixed by semi skilled operative Pre-cast concrete staircase have -Single flight stairs -Cranked slab stairs -Open riser stairs -Spiral stairs

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2.2.5

Roof

Include - RC roof beam - Roof truss (timber, aluminium, metal) - Roof tiles (clay, cement, PVC) How to construct roof beam - Setting out - Install soffit beam and follow by side formwork - Install rebar - Inspection and concreting Install services Install trusses, heat insulation and roof tiles Finally, install ceiling
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2.2.5

Roof

Function of roof - To keep out rain, wind, snow and dust - To prevent excessive heat loss in winter - To keep the interior of the building cool in the summer - To accommodate all stress encountered - To accept movement due to changes in temperature and moisture content

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Roofs

Functions :

As barrier to the penetration of the elements

Provide resistance to heat loss to the internal environment

Flat roofs Pitched roofs : 0 10o : > 10o

Type of roofs :

Material of roofs :

Timber structure + tiling or sheet covering Steel structure + tiling or sheet covering Concrete structure

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Roofs
Stability Maintenance Thermal properties Exclusion of wind & rain Functional Requirements For Roof Degree of Sound insulation
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Durability Aesthetically Fire Resistance

Provide Natural daylight Strength

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RIDGE BOARDS

COMMON RAFTERS

VALLEY JACK RAFTERS VALLEY RAFTER

HIP RAFTERS

HIP JACK RAFTERS

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Roofs Member

Ridge: the spine of the roof; the apex line of the sloping roof; the apex of the angle formed by the termination of the inclined surfaces at the top of a slope. Common Rafters: the main loadbearing members of a roof; the span is between a wall plate at eaves level and the ridge.

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Roofs Member
Hip: it is the ridge formed by the intersection of two sloping surfaces. Hipped End: it is the sloped triangular surface formed at the end of a roof

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Roofs Member
Jack Rafters: these fulfil the same functions as common rafters but span from ridge to valley rafter or from hip rafter to wall plate. Hip Rafters: similar to a ridge but forming the spine of an external angle and similar to a rafter spanning from ridge to wall plate.

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Roofs Member
Valley Rafters: as hip rafter but forming an internal angle. Wall Plate: these provide the bearing and fixing medium for the various roof members and distribute the loads evenly over the supporting walls; they are bedded in cement mortar on top of the walls.

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Roofs Member
Ceiling Joists: these fulfill the dual function of acting as ties to the feet of pairs of the rafters and providing support for the ceiling boards on the underside and any cisterns housed within the roof void. Purlins: these are horizontal wooden or steel members, used to support common rafters of a roof when span is large.

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Roofs Member
Struts: these are compression members which transfer the load of a purlin to a suitable loadbearing support within the span of the roof. Collars: these are extra ties to give additional strength and are placed at purlin level.

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Roofs Member
Eaves: the lowest edge which overhangs the wall thus giving the wall a degree protection; also fixing medium for the rainwater gutter. Two types: Open eaves Closed eaves

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Roofs Member
Verge: the edge of a gable, running between the eaves and ridge. Eaves board or fascia board: wooden board fixed to the common rafters at the eaves. Barge board: timber board used to hold common rafter forming verge.

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Truss Construction
A truss is a framed or jointed structure.
Jointed together with the aid of galvanised mild steel nail plate connectors.

The truss comprises rafters, struts, ties and ceiling joist (often called a ceiling tie).

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Truss Construction
Advantages:
Much faster and more economical to use prefabricated trusses in place of rafters and joists. It takes significantly less labour than stick framing.

A truss will span a greater distance without a bearing wall.

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2.2.6

Finishing & Services

Floor, Wall and ceiling Doors, door frames Windows, window frames Partitions Ironmongery Painting and decorating Interial design Water supply Sanitary fitting

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2.2.6

Mechanical & Electrical Services

Elevators and lift Escalators and moving walks Air condition Electrical

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2.2.7

External works attached to building

Road - Sub base, road base, premix, road marking, kerb, equipment & machineries Drainage - Perimeter drain, sump Landscape Walkway - Handrail, paver Parking - Same with road construction

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2.3

INFRASTRUCTURE

2.3.1 Road Works 2.3.2 Drainage System 2.3.3 Retaining Wall 2.3.4 Landscape 2.3.5 M&E Works

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2.3.1

ROAD WORKS

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2.3.2

DRAINAGE SYSTEM

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2.3.3

RETAINING WALL

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2.3.3

RETAINING WALL

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2.3.3

RETAINING WALL

A retaining wall is a structure that holds back soil or rock from a building, structure or area Retaining walls prevent downslope movement or erosion and provide support for vertical or near-vertical grade changes Retaining walls are generally made of masonry, stone, brick, concrete, vinyl, steel or timber Segmental retaining walls have gained favor over poured-in-place concrete walls or treated-timber walls. They are more economical, easier to install and more environmentally sound The most important consideration in proper design and installation of retaining walls is that the retained material is attempting to move forward and downslope due to gravity

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2.4

SPECIALIZES CONSTRUCTION

2.4 Specializes Construction 2.4.1 Bridges 2.4.2 Box Culvert 2.4.3 Damp 2.4.4 Air Port 2.4.5 High Rise Building

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2.4.1

BRIDGES

Substructure, superstructure & finishing Abutment : setting out, piling work (vertical & raked), pile cap, abutment wall, abutment head Pier : setting out, piling work, pile cap, pier, cross beam Launching beam : pre-stress beam, platform, crane - Single span : abutment to abutment - Two span or more : abutment to pier (depend on numbers of span) to abutment Diaphragm, dowel bars, bearing pad Deck slab : concrete & premix Approach slab : backfilling Finishing : parapet wall, hand railing, river bank protection

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BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION

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BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION

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2.4.2

BOX CULVERT

In-situ or pre-cast concrete Wing wall & apron slab Base slab Vertical wall & kickers Top slab Backfill Location : perpendicular or angle to road alignment Important : level of invert level Pilling Construction method : setting out, pilling, base slab, wall, top slab, apron slab, wing wall & back fill

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2.4.3 -

DAM

A dam is a barrier that impounds water or underground streams International standards define large dams as higher than 15-20 meters and major dams as over 150-250 meters in height The tallest dam in the world is the 300-meter-high Nurek Dam in Tajikistan Intended purposes include
providing water for irrigation to town or city water supply, improving navigation, creating a reservoir of water to supply industrial uses, generating hydroelectric power, creating recreation areas or habitat for fish and wildlife, retaining wet season flow to minimize downstream flood risk and containing effluent from industrial sites such as mines or factories

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2.4.3 Type of dam :

arch dam, gravity dam, embankment dam, rock fill dam, timber dam, steel dam

DAM

Failure of dam may cause disaster Need a proper plan and study Need a QA & QC to control the quality Safety factor are important for pre-stage, during construction and after completion Require specialties and equipment Skill workers Proper method of construction (plan and do trial mock up) No mistake at all High end engineering construction and technology
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2.4.4
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AIR PORT

An airport is a location where aircraft such as aeroplanes, helicopters, and blimps take off and land An airport consists of at least one surface such as a runway, a helipad, or water for takeoffs and landings, and can often includes buildings such as hangars and terminal buildings Airports are divided into landside and airside areas. Landside areas include parking lots, public transportation train stations, tank farms and access roads. Airside areas include all areas accessible to aircraft, including runways, taxiways, ramps and tank farms

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2.4.4

AIR PORT

Need a proper plan and study Need a QA & QC to control the quality Safety factor are important for pre-stage, during construction and after completion Require specialties and equipment Skill workers Proper method of construction (plan and do trial mock up) No mistake at all High end engineering construction and technology

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2.4.5

HIGH RISE BUILDING

A high-rise is a tall building or structure. Normally, the function of the building is added, for example high-rise apartment building or high-rise offices High rise = 491 feet (150 m) high (about 6 floor) Skyscraper = taller than 492 feet (150 m) the structural system of high-rise buildings are reinforced concrete and steel design challenges for structural and geotechnical engineers Needs : building systems like the building standpipe system, HVAC systems (Heating, Ventilation and Air conditioning), fire sprinkler system and other things like stairwell and elevator evacuations pose significant problems

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2.4.5

HIGH RISE BUILDING

Need a proper plan and study Need a QA & QC to control the quality Safety factor are important for pre-stage, during construction and after completion Require specialties and equipment Skill workers Proper method of construction (plan and do trial mock up) No mistake at all High end engineering construction and technology

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THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION

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