Eukaryotic Cells

Chapter 7-2 : Cell Structure

Major organelles and their functions
Vocabulary
 Organelle  Ribosomes
 Cytoplasm  Mitochondria
 Nucleus
 Endoplasmic reticulum
 Golgi apparatus
 Chromosomes
 Chromatin
 nucleolus
Organelles
 “Little organs” of a eukaryotic cell
 Each perform a specific job for the cell
 Two major parts of the cell
 Cytoplasm-portion of the cell outside
the nucleus.
 Nucleus-controls the cell processes
and contains all the hereditary
information of DNA.
Inside and Out
 Plasma Membrane
A lipid/protein/
carbohydrate complex,
providing a barrier and
containing transport and
signaling systems.
 Cytoskeleton
The cytoskeleton is
unique to eukaryotic cells.
It is a dynamic three-
dimensional structure that
fills the cytoplasm.
 The cytoskeleton acts as
both muscle and
skeleton, for movement
and stability. The long
fibers of the cytoskeleton
are polymers of subunits.
The primary types of
fibers comprising the
cytoskeleton are
microfilaments,
microtubules, and
intermediate filaments.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
 Rough endoplasmic  Smooth endoplasmic
reticulum (RER)
A network of
interconnected
membranes forming
channels within the cell.
Covered with Ribosomes
(causing the "rough"
appearance) which are in
the process of making
proteins for secretion.
reticulum (SER)
A network of
interconnected
membranes forming
channels within the cell. A
site for synthesis and
metabolism of lipids. Also
contains enzymes for
detoxifying chemicals
including drugs and
pesticides.
 Ribosomes  Lysosymes
Protein and RNA complex
responsible for protein
synthesis.
 Mitochondria
Surrounded by a double
membrane with a series
of folds called cristae.
Functions in energy
production through cell  Peroxisomes or
respiration. Contains its
own DNA, and is believed
to have originated as a
captured bacterium.
A membrane bound
organelle that is
responsible for
breakdown of proteins
and membranes in the
cell. Also helps digest
materials ingested by the
cell.
Microbodies
Produce and degrade
hydrogen peroxide, a
toxic compound that can
be produced during
metabolism.
Golgi Apparatus
 A series of stacked membranes.
 Vesicles carry materials from the RER
to the Golgi apparatus.
 Vesicles move between the stacks
while the proteins are "processed" to
a mature form.
 Vesicles then carry newly formed
membrane and secreted proteins to
their final destinations
 secretion or part of the membrane.
Exclusive to plants
 Chloroplasts  Vacuoles
Surrounded by a Membrane
double membrane, surrounded "bags"
containing stacked that contain water and
thylakoid membranes. storage materials in
Responsible for plants.
photosynthesis.  Cell Wall
 Contains DNA, and Plants have a rigid cell
like mitochondria is wall as their outer
believed to have membrane.
originated as a
captured bacterium.
Nucleus
 Surrounded by the nuclear envelope which
is double membrane surrounding the
chromatin and the nucleolus.
 Pores allow specific communication with
the cytoplasm.
 The nucleolus is a site for synthesis of
Ribosomes.
 Contains cell DNA which contains coded
instructions for making proteins