Environmental Management Environmental Management

Environment Environment
lrench lrench # # Lo 'enclrcle or surround' Lo 'enclrcle or surround'
@he complex seL of physlcal geographlc @he complex seL of physlcal geographlc
blologlcal soclal culLural and pollLlcal blologlcal soclal culLural and pollLlcal
condlLlons LhaL surround an lndlvldual or condlLlons LhaL surround an lndlvldual or
organlsm and LhaL ulLlmaLely deLermlnes lLs organlsm and LhaL ulLlmaLely deLermlnes lLs
form and naLure of lLs survlval form and naLure of lLs survlval
(unLSCC) (unLSCC)

Jhole Jhole complex complex of of physlcal physlcal soclal soclal culLural culLural
economlc economlc and and aesLheLlc aesLheLlc facLors facLors LhaL LhaL affecL affecL
lndlvlduals lndlvlduals and and communlLles communlLles and and ulLlmaLely ulLlmaLely
deLermlne deLermlne Lhelr Lhelr form form relaLlonshlp relaLlonshlp and and
survlval survlval
Comprises oI all living organisms and Comprises oI all living organisms and
nonliving things that surround us i.e. which we nonliving things that surround us i.e. which we
see, smell, touch, taste and Ieel see, smell, touch, taste and Ieel
Environment Environment
Components of Environment Components of Environment
Environmental Science Environmental Science
Lnv|ronmenta| Sc|ence Lnv|ronmenta| Sc|ence ls Lhe sLudy of ls Lhe sLudy of
lnLeracLlons among physlcal chemlcal and lnLeracLlons among physlcal chemlcal and
blologlcal componenLs of Lhe envlronmenL blologlcal componenLs of Lhe envlronmenL

sysLemaLlc sLudy of our envlronmenL and sysLemaLlc sLudy of our envlronmenL and
our place ln lL our place ln lL
Application Application
Encompasses issues like Encompasses issues like
climate change, climate change,
conservation, biodiversity, conservation, biodiversity,
groundwater and soil contamination, groundwater and soil contamination,
use oI natural resources, use oI natural resources,
waste management, waste management,
sustainable development, sustainable development,
pollution and pollution and
degradation oI the environment related to human degradation oI the environment related to human
activities and their impact on biodiversity and activities and their impact on biodiversity and
sustainability sustainability
The Biosphere The Biosphere
The portion oI Earth that The portion oI Earth that
supports all living things supports all living things
Very thin layer oI Earth Very thin layer oI Earth
Wide range oI climates Wide range oI climates
The environment The environment
Biotic Iactors Biotic Iactors all living all living
organisms that inhabit an organisms that inhabit an
environment environment
Plants, bacteria, parasites, Plants, bacteria, parasites,
hosts, etc. hosts, etc.
Abiotic Iactors Abiotic Iactors - - the non the non- -
living parts oI an organism`s living parts oI an organism`s
environment environment
Air, currents, temperature, Air, currents, temperature,
moisture, light, and soil moisture, light, and soil
evels of Organization evels of Organization
Organism Organism
Population Population
Community Community
Ecosystem Ecosystem
evels of Organization evels of Organization
Organism, Population, Community, and Organism, Population, Community, and
Ecosystem Ecosystem
A 'population is a group oI organisms, all A 'population is a group oI organisms, all
oI the same species, which interbreed and oI the same species, which interbreed and
live in the same area at the same time live in the same area at the same time
Individuals within a population share and Individuals within a population share and
compete Ior resources compete Ior resources
Mates, Iood, space, water Mates, Iood, space, water
Competition occurs when a resource is in short Competition occurs when a resource is in short
supply supply
Community is the assemblage oI Community is the assemblage oI
populations living in a prescribed area or populations living in a prescribed area or
physical habitat. physical habitat.
Ecosystem Ecosystem
Is the basic Iunctional unit in ecology, and includes Is the basic Iunctional unit in ecology, and includes
populations, and communities, each inIluencing the populations, and communities, each inIluencing the
other. The parts oI an ecosystem are operationally other. The parts oI an ecosystem are operationally
inseparable Irom the whole. inseparable Irom the whole.
An ecosystem is not a static system. It is in a constant An ecosystem is not a static system. It is in a constant
state oI change and equilibrium. The changes involve state oI change and equilibrium. The changes involve
changes oI structures and processes oI living beings changes oI structures and processes oI living beings
over time. Changes also take place in the physical over time. Changes also take place in the physical
environment due to the actions oI living beings. environment due to the actions oI living beings.
One important aspect oI an ecosystem is that it is One important aspect oI an ecosystem is that it is
capable oI selI capable oI selI- -maintenance and selI maintenance and selI- -regulation. regulation.
Human intervention produces changes in the Human intervention produces changes in the
ecosystem that results in imbalance. ecosystem that results in imbalance.
Ecosystem Ecosystem
The concept oI cycles in ecology reIers to circulation The concept oI cycles in ecology reIers to circulation
oI certain elements like carbon, nitrogen etc in the oI certain elements like carbon, nitrogen etc in the
atmosphere. The circulation is Irom the environment to atmosphere. The circulation is Irom the environment to
organisms and again back to the environment. organisms and again back to the environment.
ManuIacturers must understand the nature oI these ManuIacturers must understand the nature oI these
cyclical processes in order to evaluate the eIIect oI cyclical processes in order to evaluate the eIIect oI
industrial processes on the ecosystem. industrial processes on the ecosystem.
Another aspect to the concept oI cycles relates to the Another aspect to the concept oI cycles relates to the
recycling process Ior conservation oI natural resources recycling process Ior conservation oI natural resources
in production process. in production process.
Element Cycles in the Element Cycles in the
Environment Environment
mportant Element Cycles mportant Element Cycles
Carbon Carbon
Nitrogen Nitrogen
SulIur SulIur
Phosphorus Phosphorus
Carbon Carbon
Can bond to Iour neighboring atoms Can bond to Iour neighboring atoms
Can bond to other carbon atoms, sharing one, Can bond to other carbon atoms, sharing one,
two, or three electrons two, or three electrons
These properties make it possible to Iorm a These properties make it possible to Iorm a
vast array oI organic molecules vast array oI organic molecules
No other element has these properties No other element has these properties
Carbon exists in the nonliving Carbon exists in the nonliving
environment as: environment as:
Carbon dioxide (CO Carbon dioxide (CO
22
) in the atmosphere and ) in the atmosphere and
dissolved in water (Iorming HCO dissolved in water (Iorming HCO
3 3
) )
Carbonate rocks (limestone and coral Carbonate rocks (limestone and coral
CaCO CaCO
33
) )
Deposits oI coal, petroleum, and natural gas Deposits oI coal, petroleum, and natural gas
derived Irom once derived Irom once- -living things living things
dead organic matter, e.g., humus in the soil dead organic matter, e.g., humus in the soil
Volcanoes emit carbon dioxide Volcanoes emit carbon dioxide
Carbon Carbon in the Biosphere in the Biosphere
Plants use sunlight, H Plants use sunlight, H
22
O, CO O, CO
22
to create organic molecules: to create organic molecules:
H H
22
O CO O CO
22
energy energy CC

H H
12 12
O O

(glucose) O (glucose) O
2 2
Animals run the reactions in reverse: Animals run the reactions in reverse:
CC

H H
12 12
O O

(glucose) O (glucose) O
2 2
H H
22
O CO O CO
22
energy energy
The concentration oI carbon in living matter (18) is The concentration oI carbon in living matter (18) is
almost 100 times greater than its concentration in the earth almost 100 times greater than its concentration in the earth
(0.19) (0.19)
So living things extract carbon Irom their nonliving So living things extract carbon Irom their nonliving
environment environment
For liIe to continue, this carbon must be recycled For liIe to continue, this carbon must be recycled
Carbon Cycles Carbon Cycles
Plant Plant Animal Cycle Animal Cycle
Decay returns CO Decay returns CO
22
to atmosphere to atmosphere
Marine organisms Iix CO Marine organisms Iix CO
22
in carbonate rocks in carbonate rocks
Weathering returns CO Weathering returns CO
22
to atmosphere to atmosphere
Some C Iixed in rocks long Some C Iixed in rocks long- -term as carbonates term as carbonates
or Iossil Iuel or Iossil Iuel
Humans burn Iossil Iuel and add (not return) Humans burn Iossil Iuel and add (not return)
CO CO
22
to atmosphere to atmosphere
Carbon enters the biotic world Carbon enters the biotic world
through the action of plants through the action of plants
primarily plants and algae, that use the energy primarily plants and algae, that use the energy
oI light to convert carbon dioxide to organic oI light to convert carbon dioxide to organic
matter. This process is known as matter. This process is known as
PHOTOSYNTHESIS. PHOTOSYNTHESIS.
Carbon returns to the atmosphere Carbon returns to the atmosphere
and water by and water by
respiration (as CO respiration (as CO
22
) )
burning burning
decay decay -- --producing CO producing CO
22
iI oxygen is present, iI oxygen is present,
methane methane (CH (CH
44
) iI it is not. ) iI it is not.
THE THE CARBON CARBON CYCE CYCE
&!TAKE AND RET&RN OF CO &!TAKE AND RET&RN OF CO
22
NOT N BAANCE, WHY? NOT N BAANCE, WHY?
Burning Iossil Iuels (coal, oil, Burning Iossil Iuels (coal, oil,
natural gas) which returns to the natural gas) which returns to the
atmosphere carbon that has been atmosphere carbon that has been
locked within the earth Ior locked within the earth Ior
millions oI years. millions oI years.
Clearing and burning oI Iorests, Clearing and burning oI Iorests,
especially in the tropics. In recent especially in the tropics. In recent
decades, large areas oI the decades, large areas oI the
Amazon rain Iorest have been Amazon rain Iorest have been
cleared Ior agriculture and cattle cleared Ior agriculture and cattle
grazing grazing
HAS THE NCREASE N CO HAS THE NCREASE N CO
22
ED ED
TO GOBA WARMNG? TO GOBA WARMNG?
Some evidence: Some evidence:
CareIul monitoring oI both ocean and land CareIul monitoring oI both ocean and land
temperatures temperatures
Many glaciers and ice sheets are receding Many glaciers and ice sheets are receding
Woody shrubs are now growing in areas oI northern Woody shrubs are now growing in areas oI northern
Alaska that 50 years ago were barren tundra Alaska that 50 years ago were barren tundra
Many angiosperms in temperate climates are Many angiosperms in temperate climates are
Ilowering earlier in the spring than they used to Ilowering earlier in the spring than they used to
Many species oI birds and butterIlies are moving Many species oI birds and butterIlies are moving
north and breeding earlier in the spring north and breeding earlier in the spring
Will an increase in carbon dioxide Will an increase in carbon dioxide
lead to more global warming? lead to more global warming?
Doubling oI the CO2 concentration will cause Doubling oI the CO2 concentration will cause
the earth to warm somewhere in the range oI the earth to warm somewhere in the range oI
2.5 2.53.5 3.5C C
This will happen around the year 2050 This will happen around the year 2050
Other Greenhouse Gases Other Greenhouse Gases
Methane Methane
growing rice in paddy fields (50 to 100 million growing rice in paddy fields (50 to 100 million
tonnes per annum) tonnes per annum)
burning forests burning forests
raising cattle (fermentation in their rumens raising cattle (fermentation in their rumens
produces methane that is expelled produces methane that is expelled - -
collectively adding an estimated 100 million collectively adding an estimated 100 million
tonnes a year to the atmosphere). tonnes a year to the atmosphere).
Other Greenhouse Gases cont`d Other Greenhouse Gases cont`d
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
refrigerants (e.g., in refrigerators and air refrigerants (e.g., in refrigerators and air
conditioners) conditioners)
solvents solvents
propellants in aerosol cans (now banned in propellants in aerosol cans (now banned in
some countries) some countries)
in the manufacture of plastic foams. in the manufacture of plastic foams.
The !aradox of Nitrogen The !aradox of Nitrogen
8 oI the atmosphere 8 oI the atmosphere
LiIe requires nitrogen LiIe requires nitrogen- -compounds, e.g., proteins and compounds, e.g., proteins and
nucleic acids nucleic acids
Most organisms cannot use nitrogen directly Most organisms cannot use nitrogen directly
Most plants cannot use N Most plants cannot use N
22
Plants must secure their nitrogen in "Iixed" Iorm, i.e., Plants must secure their nitrogen in "Iixed" Iorm, i.e.,
incorporated in compounds such as: incorporated in compounds such as:
nitrate ions (NO nitrate ions (NO
3 3
) )
ammonia (NH ammonia (NH
33
) )
urea (NH urea (NH
22
) )
22
CO CO
Nitrogen converted to usable Iorms by Nitrogen converted to usable Iorms by
specialized microorganisms specialized microorganisms
Human use oI nitrogen Human use oI nitrogen
Nitrogen Nitrogen- -Iixing plants (Legumes) Iixing plants (Legumes)
Natural Iertilizers (guano, nitrate minerals) Natural Iertilizers (guano, nitrate minerals)
Synthetic nitrates (Haber Process) Synthetic nitrates (Haber Process)
Animals secure their nitrogen (and all other) Animals secure their nitrogen (and all other)
compounds Irom plants (or animals that have compounds Irom plants (or animals that have
Ied on plants) Ied on plants)
The !aradox of Nitrogen The !aradox of Nitrogen
!ROCESSESS !ROCESSESS
Nitrogen Fixation Nitrogen Fixation
Decay Decay
NitriIication NitriIication
DenitriIication DenitriIication
Nitrogen Fixation Nitrogen Fixation
Atmospheric Fixation Atmospheric Fixation
Industrial Fixation Industrial Fixation
Biological Fixation Biological Fixation
BOOGCA FATON BOOGCA FATON
The ability to Iix nitrogen is Iound only in The ability to Iix nitrogen is Iound only in
certain bacteria certain bacteria
the Iirst stable product oI the process is the Iirst stable product oI the process is
ammonia, this is quickly incorporated into ammonia, this is quickly incorporated into
protein and other organic nitrogen protein and other organic nitrogen
compounds compounds
Decay Decay
At each trophic level, organic nitrogen At each trophic level, organic nitrogen
compounds are returned to the environment, compounds are returned to the environment,
chieIly in excretions. The Iinal beneIiciaries oI chieIly in excretions. The Iinal beneIiciaries oI
these materials are microorganisms oI decay. these materials are microorganisms oI decay.
They break down the molecules in excretions They break down the molecules in excretions
and dead organisms into and dead organisms into ammonia ammonia. .
Nitrification Nitrification
Ammonia can be taken up directly by plants Ammonia can be taken up directly by plants
usually through their roots. However, most oI usually through their roots. However, most oI
the ammonia produced by decay is converted the ammonia produced by decay is converted
into into nitrates. nitrates.
Denitrification Denitrification
The three processes above remove nitrogen The three processes above remove nitrogen
Irom the atmosphere and pass it through Irom the atmosphere and pass it through
ecosystems ecosystems
DenitriIication reduces nitrates to nitrogen gas, DenitriIication reduces nitrates to nitrogen gas,
thus replenishing the atmosphere. thus replenishing the atmosphere.
Effects of Human Activities Effects of Human Activities
on the Nitrogen Cycle on the Nitrogen Cycle
We alter the nitrogen cycle by: We alter the nitrogen cycle by:
Adding gases that contribute to acid rain. Adding gases that contribute to acid rain.
Adding nitrous oxide to the atmosphere through Adding nitrous oxide to the atmosphere through
Iarming practices which can warm the atmosphere Iarming practices which can warm the atmosphere
and deplete ozone. and deplete ozone.
Contaminating ground water Irom nitrate ions in Contaminating ground water Irom nitrate ions in
inorganic Iertilizers. inorganic Iertilizers.
Releasing nitrogen into the troposphere through Releasing nitrogen into the troposphere through
deIorestation. deIorestation.
Effects of Human Activities Effects of Human Activities
on the Nitrogen Cycle on the Nitrogen Cycle
Human activities Human activities
such as such as
production oI production oI
Iertilizers now Iix Iertilizers now Iix
more nitrogen more nitrogen
than all natural than all natural
sources combined sources combined
Sulfur Has Many Forms Sulfur Has Many Forms
Oxidation States: Number oI electrons gained Oxidation States: Number oI electrons gained
or lost or lost
S S

CaSO CaSO
44
gypsum gypsum
S S
4 4
SO SO
22
sulIur dioxide sulIur dioxide
S S
00
Free sulIur Free sulIur
S S
- -11
H H
22
S S hydrogen sulIide hydrogen sulIide
S S
- -22
ZnS ZnS sphalerite (zinc ore) sphalerite (zinc ore)
Source oI energy Ior microorganisms Source oI energy Ior microorganisms
Sulfur in the Earth Sulfur in the Earth
SulIide minerals: ores, pyrite SulIide minerals: ores, pyrite
Volcanic emissions: H Volcanic emissions: H
22
S, SO S, SO
22
Coal: pyrite, organic sulIur Coal: pyrite, organic sulIur
Petroleum: organic sulIur Petroleum: organic sulIur
From Earth to Environment From Earth to Environment
Volcanic emissions: Volcanic emissions:
H H
22
S, SO S, SO
22
Microbial action Microbial action
Weathering Weathering
Natural exposures Natural exposures
Mine waste Mine waste
Smelting Smelting
Fossil Fuels Fossil Fuels
Effects of Human Activities Effects of Human Activities
on the Sulfur Cycle on the Sulfur Cycle
We add sulIur dioxide to the atmosphere by: We add sulIur dioxide to the atmosphere by:
Burning coal and oil Burning coal and oil
ReIining sulIur containing petroleum ReIining sulIur containing petroleum
Convert sulIur Convert sulIur- -containing metallic ores into Iree containing metallic ores into Iree
metals such as copper, lead, and zinc releasing metals such as copper, lead, and zinc releasing
sulIur dioxide into the environment sulIur dioxide into the environment
mportance of !hosphorus mportance of !hosphorus
Most common limiting Iactor Ior liIe Most common limiting Iactor Ior liIe
Phosphorus (P) is essential Ior plant growth Phosphorus (P) is essential Ior plant growth
It stimulates growth oI young plants, giving them a It stimulates growth oI young plants, giving them a
good and vigorous start good and vigorous start
Phosphorus management and nutrition has both Phosphorus management and nutrition has both
economic and environmental implications economic and environmental implications
Phosphorus exists in soils in organic and inorganic Phosphorus exists in soils in organic and inorganic
Iorms mostly in apatite Ca Iorms mostly in apatite Ca
55
(Cl,F)(PO (Cl,F)(PO
44
) )
33
Granites Granites
Phosphate Rock (recycled biological P) Phosphate Rock (recycled biological P)
The solubility oI the various inorganic phosphorus The solubility oI the various inorganic phosphorus
compounds directly aIIects the availability oI compounds directly aIIects the availability oI
phosphorus Ior plant growth. The solubility is phosphorus Ior plant growth. The solubility is
inIluenced by the soil pH inIluenced by the soil pH
Phosphorus is not mobile within soils, thereIore Phosphorus is not mobile within soils, thereIore
placement oI phosphate Iertilizers is a major placement oI phosphate Iertilizers is a major
management decision in crop production systems management decision in crop production systems
Released by: Released by:
Weathering Weathering
Mining (Ior Iertilizer) Mining (Ior Iertilizer)
mportance of !hosphorus .cont`d mportance of !hosphorus .cont`d
!hosphorus on and !hosphorus on and
Phosphorus in Soil Phosphorus in Soil
Uptake by plants Uptake by plants
Consumption by animals Consumption by animals
Return to soil via plant and animal waste, Return to soil via plant and animal waste,
decay decay
Some lost by runoII Some lost by runoII
!hosphorus in Water !hosphorus in Water
Essential to aquatic liIe Essential to aquatic liIe
Excess causes eutrophication Excess causes eutrophication
Runaway productivity, excess oxygen demand Runaway productivity, excess oxygen demand
Return to water via plant and animal waste, Return to water via plant and animal waste,
decay decay
Some ends up in sediments (chitin, bone) Some ends up in sediments (chitin, bone)
Effects of Human Activities Effects of Human Activities
on the !hosphorous Cycle on the !hosphorous Cycle
We remove large amounts oI phosphate Irom We remove large amounts oI phosphate Irom
the earth to make Iertilizer the earth to make Iertilizer
We reduce phosphorous in tropical soils by We reduce phosphorous in tropical soils by
clearing Iorests clearing Iorests
We add excess phosphates to aquatic systems We add excess phosphates to aquatic systems
Irom runoII oI animal wastes and Iertilizers Irom runoII oI animal wastes and Iertilizers
Distinctive Aspects of the ! Cycle Distinctive Aspects of the ! Cycle
No Atmospheric Component No Atmospheric Component
Geologic Portion oI Cycle Very Slow Geologic Portion oI Cycle Very Slow
Mostly involves biological transIers Mostly involves biological transIers
Climate Change & Global Warming Climate Change & Global Warming
Increase in average global temperatures due to Increase in average global temperatures due to
Greenhouse gases (GHGs). Greenhouse gases (GHGs).
The main Greenhouse gas is Carbon dioxide (CO The main Greenhouse gas is Carbon dioxide (CO
22
); );
others are Nitrous oxide, CFCs, Methane, some others are Nitrous oxide, CFCs, Methane, some
organochloride compounds and sulphuric Iluoride. organochloride compounds and sulphuric Iluoride.
GHGs come Irom various sources, mostly Irom GHGs come Irom various sources, mostly Irom
burning oI Iossil Iuels. burning oI Iossil Iuels.
These gases trap the sun`s rays in the earth`s These gases trap the sun`s rays in the earth`s
atmosphere causing the temperature to rise resulting in atmosphere causing the temperature to rise resulting in
what is known as Greenhouse EIIect or Global what is known as Greenhouse EIIect or Global
Warming. Warming.
Climate Change & Global Warming Climate Change & Global Warming
Impacts oI Global Warming Impacts oI Global Warming
Rapid changes in global temperature Rapid changes in global temperature
Extreme Weather Patterns Extreme Weather Patterns
Ecosystem Impacts Ecosystem Impacts
Rising Sea Levels Rising Sea Levels
Increase in Pests and Disease Increase in Pests and Disease
Failing Agricultural Output; Increase in World Hunger Failing Agricultural Output; Increase in World Hunger
Rapid Changes in Global Rapid Changes in Global
Temperature Temperature
Levels oI carbon dioxide are currently at their Levels oI carbon dioxide are currently at their
highest levels in the past 450,000 years highest levels in the past 450,000 years
The 1900s was the warmest century during the last The 1900s was the warmest century during the last
1,000 years 1,000 years
According to the World Meteorological According to the World Meteorological
Organization (WMO), the 1990s was the warmest Organization (WMO), the 1990s was the warmest
decade decade
Order oI last Iive warmest years 2005, 1998, 2002, Order oI last Iive warmest years 2005, 1998, 2002,
2003, 2004 2003, 2004
Extreme Weather !atterns Extreme Weather !atterns
More hurricanes and drought More hurricanes and drought
Longer spells oI dry heat or intense rain (depending Longer spells oI dry heat or intense rain (depending
on where you are in the world) on where you are in the world)
In South Asia, the Himalayan glaciers could retreat In South Asia, the Himalayan glaciers could retreat
causing water scarcity in the long run causing water scarcity in the long run
Ecosystem mpact Ecosystem mpact
With global warming on the increase and species` With global warming on the increase and species`
habitats on the decrease, the chances Ior various habitats on the decrease, the chances Ior various
ecosystems to adapt naturally are diminishing ecosystems to adapt naturally are diminishing
Many studies have pointed out that the rates oI Many studies have pointed out that the rates oI
extinction oI animal and plant species extinction oI animal and plant species
An analysis oI population trends, climate change, An analysis oI population trends, climate change,
increasing pollution and emerging diseases Iound that increasing pollution and emerging diseases Iound that
40 percent oI deaths in the world could be attributed 40 percent oI deaths in the world could be attributed
to environmental Iactors to environmental Iactors
Natural Disasters Natural Disasters
Natural disasters such as earthquakes, Natural disasters such as earthquakes,
tsunamis, and Iloods can oIten come at the tsunamis, and Iloods can oIten come at the
least expected time least expected time
Others, such as hurricanes and cyclones are Others, such as hurricanes and cyclones are
increasing in severity and destruction increasing in severity and destruction
Typically, the poor are the worst hit Ior they Typically, the poor are the worst hit Ior they
have the least resources to cope and rebuild have the least resources to cope and rebuild
Biodiversity Biodiversity
Most oI medicinal plants, many oI which are now Most oI medicinal plants, many oI which are now
endangered endangered
DeIorestation DeIorestation
Current extinction rate is now approaching 1,000 Current extinction rate is now approaching 1,000
times the background rate times the background rate
Substantial and largely irreversible loss in the Substantial and largely irreversible loss in the
diversity oI liIe on Earth, with some 10 diversity oI liIe on Earth, with some 10- -30 oI the 30 oI the
mammal, bird and amphibian species currently mammal, bird and amphibian species currently
threatened with extinction, threatened with extinction, all due to human actions all due to human actions
"The ultimate test oI man's conscience may be "The ultimate test oI man's conscience may be
his willingness to sacriIice something today Ior his willingness to sacriIice something today Ior
Iuture generations whose words oI thanks will Iuture generations whose words oI thanks will
not be heard." not be heard."
Gaylord Nelson Gaylord Nelson
Former governor Former governor
Wisconsin, Wisconsin,
co co- -Iounder oI Earth Day Iounder oI Earth Day
wor|d Erergy 8|ra - 0RV 59
Thank You! Thank You!