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Radiation biology is the study of the effects of ionizing radiation on living systems. The initial interaction between ionizing radiation and matter occurs at the level of the electron within the first 10-13 second after exposure. These changes result in modification of biologic molecules within the ensuing seconds to hours.
In turn, the molecular changes may lead to alterations in cells and organisms that persist for hours, decades, and possibly even generations. If enough cells are killed in an individual, it may cause injury or death. If cells are modified, such changes may lead to cancer or disorders in the descendents of the exposed individual.
DETERMINISTIC EFFECTS
Deterministic effects are those effects in which the severity of response is proportional to the dose. These effects, usually cell killing, occur in all people when the dose is large enough. Deterministic effects have a dose threshold below which the response is not seen. Examples of deterministic effects include oral changes after radiation therapy.
STOCHASTIC EFFECTS
Stochastic effects are those for which the probability of the occurrence of change, rather than its severity is dose dependent. Stochastic effects are all or none: a person either has or does not have the condition. There is no dose threshold. Eg. Radiation induced cancer is a stochastic effect because of greater exposure of a person or population to radiation but not its severity.
chances of free radical formation and indirect injury are great because cells are 70% to 80% water
RADIOLYSIS OF WATER
Most radiosensitive phases: M, G2, Most radioresistant phase: S, Checkpoints: G1/S, intra-S, G2/M, DNA damage: cell cycle arrest repair or loss of function (diff. cells), loss of reproductive integrity (stem cells).
Proteins 1) changes in their secondary and tertiary structures 2)through disruption of side chains or the breakage of hydrogen or disulphide bonds 3)induce changes in intermolecular and intramolecular crosslinking.
Chromosome aberrations
1) serves as useful marker for radiation injury. 2) They may be easily visualised and quantified and the extent of their damage is related to cell survival. 3) observed in irradiated cells at the time of mitosis when the DNA condenses to form chromosomes.
The type of damage that may be observed depends on stage of cell cycle at the time of irradiation. If radiation exposure occurs after DNA synthesis only one arm of affected chromosome is broken if the radiation induced break occurs before the DNA has replicated the damage manifests as break in both the arms at the next mitosis.
Cytoplasm
After large doses of radiation, mitochondria demonstrate:1) increased permeability, 2) swelling 3) disorganisation of the internal cristae.
LAW" OF BERGONIE' AND TRIBONDEAU Radiation has a more rapid (is more effective) effect against cell that are actively dividing, are undifferentiated and have a large dividing future. Undifferentiated cells are precursor or stem cells and have less specialized functions. Their major role is to reproduce to replace themselves and to provide cells which mature into more differentiated cells.
CLASSIFICATION
Rubin and Casarett classification of cellular populations based on reproductive kinetics: These classifications cells is an attempt to explain the difference in observed cellular and tissue radiosensitivity based on the reproductive and functional characteristics of various cell lines.
LONG TERM EFFECTS 1) depend on extent of damage to the fine vasculature. 2) Irradiation of capillaries causes swelling, degeneration and necrosis. 3) increase permeability and initiate a slow progressive fibrosis around the vessels 4) premature narrowing and eventual obliteration of vascular lumens. 5) impairs in transport of the oxygen nutrients and waste products and result in death of all cell types
Xerostomia
Radiation Caries
Bone
Dentofacial Abnormalities
Latent period 1) no signs or symptoms of radiation sickness 2) hours or days at supralethal( greater than 5 gy) exposure to a few weeks at sublethal( less than 2 Gy) exposures.
Hematopoetic syndrome 1) Whole body exposure of 2 to 7 cause injury to the hematopoetic stem cells of the bone marrow and spleen 2) The mature circulating granulocytes, platelets and erythrocytes themselves are very radio resistant 3) Their paucity in the peripheral blood after irradiation reflects the radio- sensitivity of their precursors. 4) infection ,hemorrhage and anemia. When death occurs ,it usually appear 10 to 30 days.
Gastrointestinal syndrome 1) Whole body exposure in the range of 7 to 15 Gy cause extensive damage to the gastrointestinal system. 2) This damage, in addition to the hematopoetic damage, causes signs and symptoms called gastrointestinal syndrome. 3) second through about fifth day no symptoms are present. 4) injury to the rapidly proliferating basal epithelial cells of the intestinal villi and leads to loss of the intestinal mucosa.
5) the diarrhea, dehydration and loss of weight that are observed. 6) Endogenous intestinal bacteria readily invade the denuded surface, producing septicemia
Cardiovascular and Central Nervous System Syndrome 1) Exposure in excess of 50 Gy usually cause death in 1 to 2 days 2) showed collapse of the circulatory system with a precipitate fall in blood pressure in the hours preceding death. 3) Autopsy shows necrosis of cardiac muscle 4) intermittent stupor, incordination, disorientation and convulsions suggestive of extensive damage to the nervous system. 5) clinical course may run from only a few minutes to about 48 hours before death occurs.