Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc.

publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The Muscular System The Muscular System
Slide 6.1
O MuscIes are responsibIe for
aII types of body movement
- they contract or shorten
and are the machine of the
body
unction of MuscIes unction of MuscIes
Slide 6.8 Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
O!roduce movement
OMaintain posture
OStabiIize joints
OGenerate heat
OThree basic muscle types
are found in the body
SkeIetaI muscIe
2 ardiac muscIe
3 Smooth muscIe
haracteristics of Muscles haracteristics of Muscles
Slide 6.2 Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
O Muscle cells are elongated
(muscle cell = muscle fiber)
O ontraction of muscles is due
to the movement of
microfilaments
haracteristics of Muscles haracteristics of Muscles
O All muscles share some
terminology
OPrefix myo refers to muscle
OPrefix mys refers to muscle
OPrefix sarco refers to flesh
Slide 6.3 Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
O Most are attached by tendons
to bones
O ells are multinucleate
O Striated have visible banding
Skeletal Muscle haracteristics Skeletal Muscle haracteristics
O 'oluntary subject to
conscious control
O ells are surrounded and
bundled by connective
tissue = great force, but
tires easily
Skeletal Muscle haracteristics Skeletal Muscle haracteristics
onnective Tissue Wrappings of onnective Tissue Wrappings of
Skeletal Muscle Skeletal Muscle
Slide 6.4a Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
O ndomysium
around single
muscle fiber
O Perimysium
around a fascicle
(bundle) of fibers
Figure 6.1
onnective Tissue Wrappings of onnective Tissue Wrappings of
Skeletal Muscle Skeletal Muscle
Slide 6.4b Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
O pimysium
covers the
entire skeletal
muscle
O Fascia on the
outside of the
epimysium
Figure 6.1
Skeletal Muscle Attachments Skeletal Muscle Attachments
Slide 6.5 Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
O pimysium blends into a connective
tissue attachment
O Tendon cord-like structure
O Aponeuroses sheet-like structure
O Sites of muscle attachment
O Bones
O artilages
O onnective tissue coverings
Smooth Muscle haracteristics Smooth Muscle haracteristics
Slide 6.6 Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
O as no striations
O Spindle-shaped cells
O Single nucleus
O nvoluntary no conscious control
O Found mainly in the walls of
hollow organs
O Slow, sustained and tireless
Figure 6.2a
ardiac Muscle haracteristics ardiac Muscle haracteristics
Slide 6.7 Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
O as striations
O Usually has a single nucleus
O Joined to another muscle cell
at an intercalated disc
O nvoluntary
O Found only in the heart
Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal
Muscle Muscle
Slide 6.9a Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
O ells are multinucleate
O Nuclei are just beneath the sarcolemma
Figure 6.3a
Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal
Muscle Muscle
Slide 6.9b Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
O Sarcolemma specialized plasma
membrane
O Sarcoplasmic reticulum specialized
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Figure 6.3a
Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal
Muscle Muscle
Slide
6.10a
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
O Myofibril
O Bundles of myofilaments
O Myofibrils are aligned to give distrinct bands
O band =
light band
O A band =
dark band
Figure 6.3b
Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal
Muscle Muscle
Slide
6.10b
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
O Sarcomere
O ontractile unit of a muscle fiber
Figure 6.3b
Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal
Muscle Muscle
Slide
6.11a
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
O rganization of the sarcomere
O Thick filaments = myosin filaments
O omposed of the protein myosin
O as ATPase enzymes
Figure 6.3c
Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal
Muscle Muscle
Slide
6.11b
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
O rganization of the sarcomere
O Thin filaments = actin filaments
O omposed of the protein actin
Figure 6.3c
Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal
Muscle Muscle
Slide
6.12a
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
O Myosin filaments have heads
(extensions, or cross bridges)
O Myosin and
actin overlap
somewhat
Figure 6.3d
Properties of Skeletal Muscle Properties of Skeletal Muscle
Activity (single cells or fibers) Activity (single cells or fibers)
Slide 6.13 Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
O rritability ability to receive and
respond to a stimulus
O ontractility ability to shorten when an
adequate stimulus is received
Nerve Stimulus to Muscles Nerve Stimulus to Muscles
Slide 6.14 Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
O Skeletal
muscles must
be stimulated
by a nerve to
contract (motor
neruron)
O Motor unit
O ne neuron
O Muscle cells
stimulated by
that neuron
Figure 6.4a
Nerve Stimulus to Muscles Nerve Stimulus to Muscles
Slide
6.15a
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
O Neuromuscular
junctions
association site
of nerve and
muscle
Figure 6.5b
Nerve Stimulus to Muscles Nerve Stimulus to Muscles
Slide
6.15b
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
O Synaptic cleft
gap between
nerve and
muscle
O Nerve and
muscle do not
make contact
O Area between
nerve and muscle
is filled with
interstitial fluid
Figure 6.5b
Transmission of Nerve mpulse to Transmission of Nerve mpulse to
Muscle Muscle
Slide
6.16a
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
O Neurotransmitter chemical released
by nerve upon arrival of nerve impulse
O The neurotransmitter for skeletal muscle is
acetylcholine
O Neurotransmitter attaches to receptors
on the sarcolemma
O Sarcolemma becomes permeable to
sodium (Na
+
)
Transmission of Nerve mpulse to Transmission of Nerve mpulse to
Muscle Muscle
Slide
6.16b
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
O Sodium rushing into the cell generates
an action potential
O nce started, muscle contraction
cannot be stopped
ontraction of a Skeletal Muscle ontraction of a Skeletal Muscle
Slide 6.19 Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
O Muscle fiber contraction is "all or none
O Within a skeletal muscle, not all fibers
may be stimulated during the same
interval
O Different combinations of muscle fiber
contractions may give differing
responses
O Graded responses different degrees
of skeletal muscle shortening, rapid
stimulus = constant contraction or
tetanus
Muscle Response to Strong Stimuli Muscle Response to Strong Stimuli
Slide 6.22 Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
O Muscle force depends upon the number
of fibers stimulated
O More fibers contracting results in
greater muscle tension
O Muscles can continue to contract unless
they run out of energy
nergy for Muscle ontraction nergy for Muscle ontraction
Slide 6.23 Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
O nitially, muscles used stored ATP for
energy
O Bonds of ATP are broken to release energy
O nly 4-6 seconds worth of ATP is stored by
muscles
O After this initial time, other pathways
must be utilized to produce ATP
nergy for Muscle ontraction nergy for Muscle ontraction
Slide 6.24 Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
O Direct phosphorylation
O Muscle cells contain creatine
phosphate (P)
O P is a high-energy
molecule
O After ATP is depleted, ADP is
left
O P transfers energy to ADP,
to regenerate ATP
O P supplies are exhausted in
about 20 seconds
Figure 6.10a
nergy for Muscle ontraction nergy for Muscle ontraction
Slide
6.26a
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
O Anaerobic glycolysis
O Reaction that breaks
down glucose without
oxygen
O Glucose is broken down
to pyruvic acid to
produce some ATP
O Pyruvic acid is
converted to lactic acid
Figure 6.10b
nergy for Muscle ontraction nergy for Muscle ontraction
Slide
6.26b
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
O Anaerobic glycolysis
(continued)
O This reaction is not as
efficient, but is fast
O uge amounts of
glucose are needed
O Lactic acid produces
muscle fatigue
Figure 6.10b
nergy for Muscle ontraction nergy for Muscle ontraction
Slide 6.25 Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
O Aerobic Respiration
O Series of metabolic
pathways that occur in
the mitochondria
O Glucose is broken down
to carbon dioxide and
water, releasing energy
O This is a slower reaction
that requires continuous
oxygen
Figure 6.10c
Muscle Fatigue and xygen Debt Muscle Fatigue and xygen Debt
Slide 6.27 Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
O When a muscle is fatigued, it is unable to
contract
O The common reason for muscle fatigue is
oxygen debt
O xygen must be "repaid to tissue to remove
oxygen debt
O xygen is required to get rid of accumulated
lactic acid
O ncreasing acidity (from lactic acid) and lack
of ATP causes the muscle to contract less
Types of Muscle ontractions Types of Muscle ontractions
Slide 6.28 Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
O sotonic contractions
O Myofilaments are able to slide past each
other during contractions
O The muscle shortens
O sometric contractions
O Tension in the muscles increases
O The muscle is unable to shorten
Muscle Tone Muscle Tone
Slide 6.29 Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
O Some fibers are contracted even in a
relaxed muscle
O Different fibers contract at different
times to provide muscle tone
O The process of stimulating various
fibers is under involuntary control
Muscles and Body Movements Muscles and Body Movements
Slide
6.30a
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
O Movement is
attained due to
a muscle
moving an
attached bone
Figure 6.12
Muscles and Body Movements Muscles and Body Movements
Slide
6.30b
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
O Muscles are
attached to at
least two points
O rigin
attachment to a
moveable bone
O nsertion
attachment to an
immovable bone
Figure 6.12
ffects of xercise on Muscle ffects of xercise on Muscle
Slide 6.31 Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
O Results of increased muscle use
O ncrease in muscle size
O ncrease in muscle strength
O ncrease in muscle efficiency
O Muscle becomes more fatigue resistant
Types of rdinary Body Types of rdinary Body
Movements Movements
Slide 6.32 Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
O Flexion decreases angle of joint and
brings two bones closer together
O xtension- opposite of flexion
O Rotation- movement of a bone in
longitudinal axis, shaking head "no
O Abduction/Adduction (see slides)
O ircumduction (see slides)
Body Movements Body Movements
Slide 6.33 Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 6.13
eIt:
Abduction
moving the
leg away
Irom the
midline
Above
Adduction-
moving
toward the
midline
Right:
Circumduction: cone-
shaped movement,
proximal end doesn`t
move, while distal end
moves in a circle.
Types of Muscles Types of Muscles
Slide 6.35 Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
O Prime mover muscle with the major
responsibility for a certain movement
O Antagonist muscle that opposes or
reverses a prime mover
O Synergist muscle that aids a prime
mover in a movement and helps prevent
rotation
Naming of Skeletal Muscles Naming of Skeletal Muscles
Slide
6.36a
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
O Direction of muscle fibers
O xample: rectus (straight)
O Relative size of the muscle
O xample: maximus (largest)
Naming of Skeletal Muscles Naming of Skeletal Muscles
Slide
6.36b
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
O Location of the muscle
Oxample: many muscles are named
for bones (e.g., temporalis)
O Number of origins
Oxample: triceps (three heads)
Naming of Skeletal Muscles Naming of Skeletal Muscles
Slide 6.37
O Location of the muscles origin and
insertion
O xample: sterno (on the sternum)
O Shape of the muscle
O xample: /eltoi/ (triangular)
O Action of the muscle
O xample: 1lexor and extensor (flexes or
extends a bone)
ead and Neck Muscles ead and Neck Muscles
Slide 6.38
Figure 6.14
Trunk Muscles Trunk Muscles
Slide 6.39
Figure 6.15
Deep Trunk and Arm Muscles Deep Trunk and Arm Muscles
Slide 6.40
Figure 6.16
Muscles of the Pelvis, ip, and Thigh Muscles of the Pelvis, ip, and Thigh
Slide 6.41
Figure 6.18c
Muscles of the Lower Leg Muscles of the Lower Leg
Figure 6.19
Superficial Muscles: Anterior Superficial Muscles: Anterior
Figure 6.20
Superficial Muscles: Posterior Superficial Muscles: Posterior
Figure 6.21
ulsorders relaLlng Lo Lhe Muscular
SysLem
W Muscular uysLrophy lnherlLed muscle
enlarge due Lo lncreased faL and connecLlve
Llssue buL flbers degeneraLe and aLrophy
W uuchenne Mu lacklng a proLeln Lo malnLaln
Lhe sarcolemma
W MyasLhemla Cravls progresslve weakness
due Lo a shorLage of aceLylchollne recepLors