Matter

Solids

Liquids

Gasses

Solids are again classified in to two types

Crystalline Non-Crystalline (Amorphous)

The materials, which have a regular and periodical arrangement of atoms or molecules in a solid, are known as crystalline materials. Again classified into two types
o

Single crystals:
Entire

solid consists of only one crystal

Poly crystals:

It has composed of many small crystals that are separated by well defined boundaries.

Non-Metallic crystals: Ice, Carbon, Diamond, Nacl, Kcl etc Metallic Crystals: Copper, Silver, Aluminium, Tungsten, Magnesium etc

Single Crystal example

Amorphous (Non-crystalline) Solid

is

composed of randomly orientated atoms , ions, or molecules that do not form defined patterns or lattice structures. Amorphous materials have order only within a few atomic or molecular dimensions.

Amorphous materials do not have any long-range order, but they have varying degrees of short-range order.
Examples to amorphous materials include amorphous silicon, plastics, and glasses.

Amorphous silicon can be used in solar cells and thin film transistors.

Non-crystalline

The science that studies geometrical form and other physical properties of crystalline solids called Crystallography

Lattice Space lattice Basis of the crystal structure Unit cell Primitive cell

What is lattice?

Lattice is defined as the array of points which are imaginarily kept to represent the position of atoms in the crystal. It is an imaginary concept.

What is lattice point?

The position of atom or molecules in space denoted by point is called lattice point or lattice sites

What is lattice lines or directions?

The lines joined between the lattice points are called lattice lines or direction.

What is lattice planes?

A plane containing lattice points is known as lattice plane or atomic plane

What is Space lattice ?

An infinite array of points in space, Each point has identical surroundings to all others.

y B C O a A D x E

Arrays are arranged exactly in a periodic manner.

That is an infinite three dimensional arrangement of lattice point in space in which the environment about the each point in same is defined as space lattice

The arrangement of atoms with lattice

point is called the basis or

A group of atoms which describe crystal structure

Crystal structure:
When

the basis is repeated with correct periodicity in all directions, we can get the actual crystal structure. i.e. Lattice + Basis = Crystal structure

A unit cell is a smallest unit. Which on

repetition over all the three dimension gives the actual crystal structure.

A unit cell may be consider as brick of wall. This unit cell may also known as elementary

pattern or building block or lattice unit.

S S

S a

Lattice parameter or unit cell parameter:

The

unit cell and, consequently, the entire lattice, is

uniquely determined by the six lattice constants: a, b, c, , and . These six parameters are also called as basic lattice parameters.

The unit cell formed by the primitives a,b and c is called primitive cell. A primitive cell will have only one lattice point. If there are two are more lattice points it is not considered as a primitive cell. As most of the unit cells of various crystal

lattice contains two are more lattice points and

is called non primitive cell, its not necessary that every unit cell is primitive.

On the basis of the lengths and directions of the axes of the symmetry, all the crystals may be classified into the following seven system.

Cubic crystal Tetragonal crystal Orthorhombic crystal Monoclinic crystal Triclinic crystal Rhombohedral crystal Hexagonal crystal

Crystal system
Cubic Tetragonal Orthorhombic Monoclinic

Unit vector
a= b=c a = b c abc abc

Angles
= ==90 = ==90 = ==90 = =90

Triclinic
Rhombohedral Hexagonal

abc
a= b=c a= b c

90
= =90 ==90 =120

There are 14 possible ways of arranging

points in space lattice from seven crystal system. These 14 space lattices are known as Bravais lattices.

S.No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
12 13

Crystal Type Cubic

Tetragonal Orthorhombic

Monoclinic

Bravais lattices Simple Body centered Face centered Simple Body centered Simple Base centered Body centered Face centered Simple Base centered

Symbol P I F P I P C I F P C
P P

Triclinic Simple Rhombohedral Simple

14

Hexagonal

Simple

Number of atoms per unit cell (or) Effective number Atomic radius Co-ordination number Atomic packing factor (or) Packing density (or) density of packing

The total number of atoms present in or shared by an unit cell is known as number of atoms per unit cell.

Atomic radius is defined as half of the distance between any two nearest neighbour atoms which have direct contact with each other It is usually expressed in terms of cube edge a.

Coordination Number (CN) : The number of nearest neighbouring atoms to a particular atom in the lattice array.

A simple cubic has coordination number 6; a

body-centered cubic lattice, 8; and a facecentered cubic lattice,12.

Atomic Packing Factor (APF) is defined as the ratio of volume of atoms within the unit cell to the total volume of the unit cell.

Volume of atoms in unit cell APF Volume of unit cell