Colligative Properties Power Point

Colligative Properties
16.3
Colligative Properties of Solutions

The wood frog is a remarkable creature because it can
survive being frozen. Scientists believe that a substance in the cells of this frog acts as a natural antifreeze, which prevents the cells from freezing. You will discover how a solute can change the freezing point of a solution.
Colligative Properties
depend on the concentration (number) of solute
particles but NOT on their identity.

depend on the lowering of the escaping tendency of
solvent particles by the addition of solute particles.
16.3
Colligative Properties of Solutions

What are four colligative properties of
solutions? Vapor Pressure Lowering Osmotic Pressure Freezing Point Depression Boiling Point Elevation
16.3
Vapor-Pressure Lowering
In a pure solvent, equilibrium is established between the liquid and the vapor.
16.3
In a solution, solute particles reduce the number of free solvent particles able to escape the liquid. Equilibrium is established at a lower vapor pressure.
16.3
The decrease in a solutions vapor pressure is
proportional to the number of particles the solute makes in solution.
Hence, the vapor pressure of the pure liquid is higher than that of the solution.
Psolvent = xsolvent Psolvent

where Psolvent = vapor pressure of the solvent in solution, xsolvent = mole fraction of the solvent Psolvent = vapor pressure of the pure solvent.
16.3
Three moles of glucose dissolved in water produce 3 mol of particles because glucose does not dissociate.
16.3
Three moles of sodium chloride dissolved in water produce 6 mol of particles because each formula unit of NaCl dissociates into two ions.
16.3
Three moles of calcium chloride dissolved in water produce 9 mol of particles because each formula unit of CaCl2 dissociates into three ions.
Osmotic Pressure
When two liquids, such
as a solvent and a solution, are separated by a semipermeable membrane that allows only solvent molecules to pass through, then there is a net transfer of solvent molecules from the solvent to the solution. This process is called osmosis.
Osmotic Pressure
Osmosis can be stopped by applying pressure to
compensate for the difference in escaping tendencies. The pressure required to stop osmosis is called osmotic pressure.
In dilute solutions, osmotic pressure is directly
proportional to the molarity of the solution and its temperature in Kelvin.
16.3
Freezing-Point Depression
The difference in temperature between the freezing point of a solution and the freezing point of the pure solvent is the freezing-point depression.
16.3
The magnitude of the freezing-point depression is
proportional to the number of solute particles dissolved in the solvent and does not depend upon their identity.
16.3
The freezing-point depression of aqueous solutions makes walks and driveways safer when people sprinkle salt on icy surfaces to make ice melt. The melted ice forms a solution with a lower freezing point than that of pure water. Why would calcium chloride (CaCl2) be a better salt for this purpose than sodium chloride (NaCl)?
16.3
Boiling-Point Elevation
The difference in temperature between the boiling point of a solution and the boiling point of the pure solvent is the boiling-point elevation. The same antifreeze added to automobile engines to prevent freeze-ups in winter, protects the engine from boiling over in summer.
16.3

The magnitude of the boiling-point elevation is proportional to the number of solute particles dissolved in the solvent. The boiling point of water increases by 0.512C for every mole of particles that the solute forms when dissolved in 1000 g of water.
16.4
Molality and Mole Fraction

The unit molality and mole fractions are two additional
ways in which chemists express the concentration of a solution.
16.4
The unit molality (m) is the number of moles of solute dissolved in 1 kilogram (1000 g) of solvent. Molality is also known as molal concentration.
16.4
To make a 0.500m solution of NaCl, use a balance to measure 1.000 kg of water and add 0.500 mol (29.3 g) of NaCl.
16.4
Ethlylene Glycol (EG) is added to water as antifreeze.
16.6
16.6
16.6
16.6
16.4
The mole fraction of a solute in a solution is the ratio of the moles of that solute to the total number of moles of solvent and solute.
16.4
In a solution containing nA mol of solute A and nB mol of solvent B (XB), the mole fraction of solute A (XA) and the mole fraction of solvent B (XB) can be expressed as follows.
16.7
16.7
16.7
Sample Problem 16.7
16.4
Freezing-Point Depression and Boiling-Point Elevation
The magnitudes of the freezing-point depression
and the boiling-point elevation of a solution are directly proportional to the molal concentration (m), when the solute is molecular, not ionic.
16.4
Elevation
The constant, Kf, is the molal freezing-point depression constant, which is equal to the change in freezing point for a 1-molal solution of a nonvolatile molecular solute.
16.4
Elevation
16.4
Elevation
The constant, Kb, is the molal boiling-point elevation constant, which is equal to the change in boiling point for a 1molal solution of a nonvolatile molecular solute.
16.4
Elevation
16.4
Elevation
16.8
16.8
16.8
16.8
for Sample Problem 16.8
16.9
16.9
16.9
16.9
for Sample Problem 16.9

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Colligative Properties

Colligative Properties of Solutions

particles but NOT on their identity.

solvent particles by the addition of solute particles.

Colligative Properties of Solutions

proportional to the number of particles the solute makes in solution.

Psolvent = xsolvent Psolvent

proportional to the molarity of the solution and its temperature in Kelvin.

Molality and Mole Fraction

ways in which chemists express the concentration of a solution.

Molality and Mole Fraction

Molality and Mole Fraction

Molality and Mole Fraction

Ethlylene Glycol (EG) is added to water as antifreeze.

Molality and Mole Fraction

Molality and Mole Fraction

Sample Problem 16.7

Freezing-Point Depression and Boiling-Point Elevation

The magnitudes of the freezing-point depression

for Sample Problem 16.8

for Sample Problem 16.9

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