Mid & Downstream Business Training Module

Mid & Downstream Business Training Module
HYDROCARBON PROCESSING AN OVERVIEW

Upstream Mid and Downstream
LNG
PRODUCED WATER
GAS
Feasibility Study
Trouble Shooting & Revamp
Process Design / Basic Engg.
Plant Design Cycle

Stable Operation & Performance Testing
FEED
Pre-Commissioning & Commissioning
Detail Engg.

Feasibility Study:
Conceptualization Process Simulation Development of Process Flow Scheme Cost Estimation Techno-Commercial Evaluation
Basic Engineering:
Mass and Energy Balance Process Control Scheme PFDs and Basic Process P&IDs Sizing and Basic Spec. for Equipments and Instruments

Front End Engineering Design (FEED):
BEP to Project Specific Package (Residual Engineering) Verification of Process data for Critical items Preparation of Specifications Identification of Scope Splits Identification of applicable Codes & Standards
Commissioning:
Pre-Commissioning Commissioning Startup and Feed charging Performance Guarantee test run

WORK FLOW DIAGRAM
REVIEW & COMMENTS EQUIPMENT LIST UHD REVISED P&ID LINE LIST PROCESS D/S FOR EQUIPMENTS EQUIPMENT LIST EQUIPMENT LIST UHD REVISED P&ID HAZARDOUS SOURCE LIST REVIEW & COMMENTS VENDOR DOCUMENTS
PLOT PLAN
PP
TQ EQ. LIST UHD UTILITY SUMMARY FLARE LOAD SUMMARY CHEMICAL SUMMARY HAZARDOUS SOURCE LIST REVISED P&ID BDEP LINE LIST PROCESS D/S FOR EQUIPMENTS UPDATED D/S FOR EQUIPMENTS UPDATED D/S FOR INSTRUMENTS PRECOMMISIONING MANUAL OPERATING MANUAL
TQ EQ. LIST UHD UTILITY SUMMARY FLARE LOAD SUMMARY CHEMICAL SUMMARY HAZARDOUS SOURCE LIST REVISED P&ID
CV EL
PE
BDEP LINE LIST PROCESS D/S FOR EQUIPMENTS UPDATED D/S FOR EQUIPMENTS UPDATED D/S FOR INSTRUMENTS PRECOMMISIONING MANUAL OPERATING MANUAL
PC
EQUIPMENT LIST UHD REVISED P&ID PROCESS D/S FOR MACHINERY ITEMS REVIEW & COMMENTS EQUIPMENT LIST UHD REVISED P&ID PROCESS D/S FOR EQUIPMENTS EQUIPMENT LIST UHD REVISED P&ID LINE LIST UPDATED D/S FOR INSTRUMENTS
ME
FABRICATION DWG.
EQ
IN
Mid & Downstream Business Training Module REVIEW STAGE:
Review of Contract Documents
Preparation of TQs
Mid & Downstream Business Training Module STAGE 0:

P&IDs mark up based on General Specifications, Standards, Amendments etc. Updation of Process Datasheets based on PFD and other documents Preparation of UHDs Sizing of Utility lines Preparation of Equipment list Preparation of Utility summary Preparation of Catalyst and Chemical summary Preparation of Tie-in summary Preparation of Line-list Preparation of Hazardous source list

P&IDs mark up based on General Specifications, Standards, Amendments etc.
Standard Details
Licensor P&ID

As per the standards, the control valve assembly with block & bypass and Vent & Drain arrangement is shown in detail
Marked up P&ID

Updation of Process Datasheets based on PFD and other documents

Updated Process Datasheets

Preparation of UHDs

Sizing of Utility lines

Preparation of Equipment List
Equipment list
ISOMERISATION PROJECT
MUMBAI
TITLE : EQUIPME NT LIST

EQUIPMENT NO. SERV ICE NO. REQD. DIMENSIONS (ID) .X(TL-TL) (m) INTERNAL TY PE EQUIPMENT THICKNESS (mm) ERECTION WEIGHT (Tons ) SHEL L & HEA D TRA YS MOC + C.A OPERA TING COND ITION PRESSU RE TEMP (kg/cm g)
2
DESIGN CON DITION PRESSU RE (kg/cm2g) TEMP. (C)
INSULA TION TY PE THICKNESS (mm)
(C)
TOP BOTTOM TOP BOTTOM
COLUMNS LNHT UNIT

DA- 317 01 STRIPPER 1 To p = 2.0 Bottom = 2 .8 TL -TL = 2 7.9 To p = 3.2 Bottom = 4 .0 TL -TL = 3 6.9 Tr ays , Distri butor Inte rna l b aff les, Vo rtex Bre aker, KCS + 3 mm TP 4 10 91 17 1 Int : 1 5.82 Ex t : FV 23 2 17 1 IH 12 5
DA- 317 02
DEPENTA NIZER
Tr ays , Distri butor Inte rna l b aff les, Vo rtex Bre aker,
KCS + 3 mm
TP 4 10
70
11 9
Int : 4 Ex t : FV
14 7 11 9
IH
80
PENEX UNIT
To p =1 .7 DA- 328 10 STA BILIZER 1 Bottom = 3 .2 TL -TL =26 .2 Tr ays , Distri butor Inte rna l b aff les, Vo rtex Bre aker, Int : 1 3.5 Ex t : FV 21 0 17 9
KCS+3 mm
TP 4 10
57
17 9
IH
12 0
DA- 328 11
LPG STRIPPER
0.75 x 21
Tr ays , Distri butor Inte rna l b aff les, Vo rtex Bre aker,
CS+3 mm
TP 4 10
45
60
Int : 1 3.5 Ex t : FV
12 0 60

Preparation of Equipment List (Continued) Equipment List contains the information such as Equipment Number Service Dimensions Internals Material of Construction Operating and Design Conditions Insulation Details Other Special requirements
Sample view of Equipment list

ISOMERISATION PROJECT
MUMBAI
TITLE : EQUIPMENT LIST

EQUIPMENT NO. SERVICE NO. REQD. DIMENSIONS (ID).X(TL-TL) (m) INTERNAL TYPE EQUIPMENT THICKNESS (mm) ERECTION WEIGHT (Tons) SHELL & HEAD TRAYS MOC + C.A OPERATING CONDITION PRESSURE TEMP (kg/cm2g) (C) TOP BOTTOM TOP BOTTOM DESIGN CONDITION PRESSURE (kg/cm2g) TEMP. (C) INSULATION TYPE THICKNESS (mm)
COLUMNS
LNHT UNIT
Top = 2.0 DA-31701 STRIPPER 1 Bottom = 2.8 TL-TL = 27.9 Top = 3.2 DA-31702 DEPENTANIZER 1 Bottom = 4.0 TL-TL = 36.9 Trays, Distributor Internal baffles, Vortex Breaker, Int : 15.82 Ext : FV 232 171
KCS + 3 mm
TP 410
91
171
IH
125
Trays, Distributor Internal baffles, Vortex Breaker,
KCS + 3 mm
TP 410
70
119
Int : 4 Ext : FV
147 119
IH
80
PENEX UNIT
Top =1.7 DA-32810 STABILIZER 1 Bottom = 3.2 TL-TL=26.2 Trays, Distributor Internal baffles, Vortex Breaker, Trays, Distributor Internal baffles, Vortex Breaker, KCS+3mm TP 410 57 179 Int : 13.5 Ext : FV 210 179 IH 120
DA-32811
LPG STRIPPER
0.75 x 21
CS+3mm
TP 410
45
60
Int : 13.5 Ext : FV
120 60

Preparation of Utility summary
Utility Summary summarizes the consumption / generation of utilities in all equipments. The utility data for consumption to be furnished with - ve value. Similarly the utility data for generation to be furnished with +ve value. Following are the Utilities taken into account Electricity Steam Condensate Boiler Feed Water Cooling Water Service Water and Portable Water Instrument Air, Plant Air and Nitrogen Fuel Gas and Fuel Oil

Sample View of Utility summary

Preparation of Chemical summary
This document summarizes the consumption of Chemicals for the process.
L&T-CHIYODA
BARODA, INDIA Document No.: A-31 Rev.: 0
ISOMERISATION PROJECT TITLE : CHEMICAL SUMMARY
Chemical Identification Sr. No. % Purity Chemical Service
First fill quantity required
Scope of supply
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
DMDS Caustic for LNHT reactor neutralisation Soda Ash (Na2CO3) Sodium Nitrate (NaNO3) Perchloroethylene (C2Cl4) Anhydrous Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) Make-up Caustic (NaOH) for Penex unit Anhydrous Ammonia
-20% Wt 100% 100% 99.9 % Min. -20% Wt --
As a sulfiding agent during stat-up Required to neutraiize reactor effluent gases For preparing neutralizing solution during regeneration For preparing neutralizing solution during regeneration As a promotor for penex reactor catalyst Required during initial start up. Required for scrubbing of gases from stabiliser & during catalyst regeneration of naphta hydrotreating reactor. Required as corrosion inhibitor for LNHT unit
3200 kg 6.5 m3 200 kg 20 kg 30 m3 2500 kg 25 m3 350 kg
MRPL MRPL MRPL MRPL MRPL MRPL MRPL MRPL

Preparation of Catalyst summary
This document summarizes the consumption of Catalyst for the process.
TITLE : CATALYST SUMMARY
Catalyst Quantity
Sr.No. Equip. Tag No. Service Equip ID (mm) Type Bed Height (mm) Bulk Density 3 (Kg /m ) Type of Loading Bed (m3) Contingency 5% (m3)
Total quantity (m3) Total quantity (kg)
Manufacturer
DC-31701
Reactor
2500
UOP "S-12" Catalyst
3720
1065
Sock
18.3
0.915
19.215
20464.0
UOP
FA-32802
Sulfur guard bed Saturation Reactor
1800
ADS-11
2600
930
Sock
6.62
0.331
6.951
6464.4
UOP
DC-32801
2400
UOP "H-8" Catalyst
2480
520
Sock
11.2
0.56
11.76
6115.2
UOP
DC-32810
Methanator Reactor
1100
Puraspec 2443
7160
--
Sock
6.8
0.34
7.14
--
UOP
DC-32811
Penex Reactor
2900
UOP "I-8" Catalyst
9240
882
Dense
61
3.05
64.05
56492.1
UOP
DC-32812
Penex Reactor
2900
UOP "I-8" Catalyst
9240
882
Dense
61
3.05
64.05
56492.1
UOP
FA-32801A
Zinc oxide treater
1200
Puraspec 2020
3200
--
Sock
3.62
0.181
3.801
--
UOP

Preparation of Tie-in summary
Battery Limit Tie-in Summary contains the following information for all ISBL & OSBL lines Flow rate of all process and utility streams going to B/L. Operating and Design Conditions Line Specifications Main Properties of the Streams (Optional)


Sample view of Tie-in summary
MUMBAI TITLE : BATTERY LIMIT TIE-IN SUMMARY

Sr. No. Stream Name From To Phase L/V/M Flowrates Tons/hr
Normal
Properties kg/m3 (L) Visc. MW (V) cP
Operating Conditions Pressure Temperature kg/cm2 g deg C

min/nor/max min/nor/max
Design C Pressure kg/cm2 g
(C) INCOMING UTILITY LINES:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 MP Steam LP Steam HP Steam Instrument Air Cooling Water Supply Fuel Gas Fuel Oil B/L B/L B/L B/L B/L B/L B/L V V V V L V L 36066.0 33180.0 2930.0 625.0 2378207.0 1212.0 2273.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 29.0 1000.0 15.5 854.0
0.02 0.02 0.01
HEADER
14/15/16 3/3.5/4 39/40/41 4.5/6.5/ - /4.5/ - /4.5/5 - /13/20
255/260/270 160/175/200 330/390/408 - /40/ - /33/ - /40/ - /170/ -
22 10 45 10.5 7 6 25
HEADER
HEADER
HEADER
0.02 0.60 0.01 11.50
HEADER
HEADER
HEADER

Preparation of Line-list
Line List contains the data related to process conditions and the data related to mechanical design and test conditions for all the lines. Line List is the base document utilized for verification of major deliverables of Piping department. Line List contains the information such as Line Number Line Size Fluid Code and Piping class From & To Location State and Nature of the fluid Operating (Normal&Alternative) and Design Conditions Steam out requirements Insulation Details Test fluid and Test pressure


Sample View of Line-list
MUMBAI
TITLE : LINE LIST FOR LNHT UNIT
PIPING CLASS
FLUID CODE
INSULATION TYPE
SR. NO.
INSULATION THK. (MM)
IDENTIFICATION P & ID NO. SIZE (INCH)
LOCATION
UNIT NO.
LINE NO.
STATE (A) TO (L/V/M) NATURE OF FLUID
LINE NO.
FROM
10-P-3170001-A1A1
606
10
317
0001
A1A1
FA-31701
P-3170215
HC
6-P-3170002-A4A1
606
317
0002
A4A1
GA-31701A
P-3170046
HC
10-P-3170003-A1A1
606
10
317
0003
A1A1
P-3170001
P-3170216
HC
6-P-3170004-A4A1
606
317
0004
A4A1
GA-31701B
P-3170002
HC
0.75-P-3170005-A1A1
691
0.75
317
0005
A1A1
P-3170002
SN-31701
HC
0.75-P-3170006-A1A
691
0.75
317
0006
A1A
SN-31701
FLARE
HC
0.75-P-3170007-A4A1
691
0.75
317
0007
A4A1
SN-31701
P-3170001
HC
6-P-3170008-A4A1
606
317
0008
A4A1
P-3170002
FV-002
HC
6-P-3170009-A1A1
606
317
0009
A1A1
FV-002
FA-31701
HC

Preparation of Hazardous Source List Hazardous Source List is the base document utilized for hazardous area classification drawing deliverable of Electrical department. This document contains the information such as Inlet and Outlet streams of all equipments State and Nature of the fluid Composition Max. operating temperature Properties like Density and Molecular weight Flammability Flash point Auto-ignition temperature

Sample View of Hazardous Source List

Hydraulic Check of Process lines Sizing of Vessels Thermal rating of Heat exchangers PSV Sizing & Flare hydraulics Preparation of Flare Load Summary Preparation of Equipment datasheets for new items Scope demarcation for Vendor items Updation of P&IDs based on Hydraulic results
Mid & Downstream Business Training Module STAGE 1 (Continued):
Updation of Pumps and Instruments datasheets based on Hydraulics Updation of Equipment list Development of Control and Safeguarding Narratives

Hydraulic Check of Process lines
Loop identification in PFD

Hydraulic Check of Process lines
Collecting Inputs required for hydraulic calculations

Sample View of Hydraulic Calculation Sheet

Sizing of Vessels
Sizing of vessels is carried out based on Project Design Criteria (Droplet size, Residence time)
Sometimes, Sizing is governed by separation of fine entrained droplets using mesh pad, impact separators, etc.

Sample view of Vessel Sizing calculation sheet

Thermal rating of Heat exchangers Designing / Rating of heat exchangers is carried out with the help of HTRI computer program. This activity enables the designer to model heat exchangers, allowing the designer to gauge the performance, geometry and inherent limitations of the shell and tube heat exchanger even before its fabrication. This results in lower risks of damage to the equipment while in service.

Sample HTRI Specification Sheet
Sample HTRI Tube Layout

PSV Sizing and Flare Hydraulics The safety of personnel and the protection of equipments due to overpressure are the basis for the design, sizing, and selection of pressure relieving systems. All systems and pressure relief devices shall be designed based on the applicable codes (API 520, 521, etc.), industry standards and practices. For Flare header Sizing, first we have to determine the appropriate relief contingencies yielding maximum loads Flare header size has to be large enough to prevent excessive backpressure on the plant safety valves and to limit gas velocity and noise to acceptable levels.

Sample view of Flare Hydraulics calculation sheet

Preparation of Flare Load Summary
This document summarizes the relief load of all PSVs for the applicable relieving cases.

Preparation of Equipment datasheets for new items
L&T-CHIYODA LIMITED, Baroda
VESSEL DATASHEET
OWNER PROJECT JOB NO. DOC. NO. SHEET Rev. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 30. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. ITEM NO. SERVICE NO. REQD. POSITION FA-32850 CLEAN MP CONDENSATE FLASH VESSEL 1 VERTICAL OPERATING CONDITIONS STEAM CONDENSATE kg/h 4605 (Note-4) kg/m3 2.63 18 kg/h 40861 (Note-4) kg/m3 915.4 kg/cm2g 4 C 151.6 min 5 DESIGN CONDITIONS IBR IS APPLICABLE NO YES mm 1400 mm 4100 mm N.A. mm N.A. kg/cm2g 10 C 225 (NOTE-1) NO YES 100 % NO YES HOT COLD 2:1 ELLIPSE TORISPHERICAL NO YES NO YES REFER UOP STD. DRG. 3-122 3 NO YES kg/cm2g A2A MATERIAL @ C : : : : : MANGALORE REFINERY AND PETROCHEMICALS LTD. LIGHT NAPHTHA ISOMERISATION BLOCK DL-4126 A-328-30006 3 OF 4 REV. MADE CHKD. APVD. DATE 0 NPK RHD RJB 12/4/2004
FLUID QUANTITY DENSITY MW QUANTITY DENSITY PRESSURE TEMPERATURE NORMAL HOLD UP TIME LIQ. GAS / VAPOR
CODE / REGULATION SPECIAL SERVICE INSIDE DIAMETER TL-TL LENGTH INSIDE DIAMETER OF BOOT TL-TL LENGTH OF BOOT DESIGN PRESSURE DESIGN TEMPERATURE VACUUM CONDITION IF YES THEN INSULATION IF YES THEN TYPE HEAD TYPE DEMISTER IF YES THEN TYPE VORTEX BREAKER IF YES THEN TYPE CORROSION ALLOWANCE STEAM OUT CONDITION IF YES THEN STEAM PRESS. / TEMP. VESSEL TRIM
153
C 120 mm
PP THICKNESS : HEMISPHERICAL OTHER
mm

Scope demarcation for Vendor items Vendor scope of supply has to be identified and to be clearly marked in the P&IDs.

Updation of P&IDs based on Hydraulic results
Licensor P&ID

Updated P&ID based on Hydraulics
Compressor Suction line is increased to 6 from 4 as per hydraulic calculations

Updation of Pumps and Instruments datasheets based on Hydraulics
Licensor Datasheet

Updated Pumps datasheets based on Hydraulics

Development of Control Narratives
This narrative describes the plant control systems by instrumentation. The purpose of this document are as follows : (1) To explain control systems to those who may not be familiar with instrumentation symbols or functional logic diagrams. (2) To define purpose and algorithm of each control system.
Pump auto start systems will be also covered in this document.
Development of Safeguarding Narratives
The purpose of this narrative is to thoroughly explain the safeguarding scheme and its significance. Based on the same it is possible to understand how safeguarding scheme works and how it will be depicted in Cause and Effect diagram or Safeguarding Matrix.

Sample of Cause and Effect Diagram
EFFECT 51UZA-2100 V-51203 / V-51201 SGS
Effect Section
P-5105B HP STEAM VALVE P-51402A MP BFW PUMP P-51206A HP BFW PUMP P-51206B HP BFW PUMP P-51206C HP BFW PUMP P-51206D HP BFW PUMP P-5105A HP BFW PUMP P-51203 HP BFW PUMP DESCRIPTION ACTION TAG NO. 51LZA-2008 51LZA-2011 51LZA-2008 51LZA-2011 51LZA-2008 X X X X X X X X X 51LZA-2011
SAFE GUARDING MATRIX
UNIT 51
Cause Section
CAUSE
CLOSE 51UZA-2103
TRIP 51UZA-2102
TRIP 51UZA-2104
TRIP 51UZA-2100
TRIP 51UZA-2105
TRIP 51UZA-2106
TRIP 51UZA-2107
TRIP 51UZA-2108
ALARM 51UZA-2100 X X X
TAG NO.
DESCRIPTION
PEFS NO.
<51HS-2012 is 'BOTH' position> 51LZA-2008 V-51203 LEVEL LOW LOW 51LZA-2011 V-51210 LEVEL LOW LOW D-0098-51-25-0006 D-1651-51-50-0018 X X X X X X X X
<51HS-2012 is 'V-51203' position> 51LZA-2008 V-51203 LEVEL LOW LOW 51LZA-2011 V-51210 LEVEL LOW LOW D-0098-51-25-0006 D-1651-51-50-0018 X X X X X X X X
<51HS-2012 is 'V-51210' position> 51LZA-2008 V-51203 LEVEL LOW LOW 51LZA-2011 V-51210 LEVEL LOW LOW D-0098-51-25-0006 D-1651-51-50-0018
COMMON TRIP ALARM
Interface Activities Updation of Control & Safeguarding narratives and issue for HAZOP Study Updation of Utility summary Updation of Line list

Interface Activities

Vendor Document Review Review of Engineering Drawings Review of Plot Plan 3D-Model Review Review of DCS Graphics

Vendor Document Review Some of the Critical points to be reviewed in Engineering Drawings are: Consistency of Process data as per process datasheets such as Operating & Design Conditions, MOC, Special service requirements, etc. Review of other technical aspects (a) Meeting all Specifications as per requirement. (b) Expected Utility consumption figures. (c) Guarantee figures, if any. (d) Other technical requirements specified in the requisition. (e) Fulfilment of Scope of Supply.

Review of Engineering Drawings
Some of the Critical points to be reviewed in Engineering Drawings are: Consistency of Process data as per process datasheets such as Operating & Design Conditions, MOC, Special service requirements, etc. Number of Nozzles Sizes of Nozzles Checking location and orientation of all nozzles especially nozzles for Temperature, Pressure and Level Instruments as per Project requirements


Review of Plot Plan Some of the Critical points to be reviewed in Plot plan are: Consistency of equipments shown in plot plan with Equipment List, PFD and P&IDs. Are the distances between equipment kept minimum with respect to pressure drop? Are the height of Towers and vessels enough to provide NPSH of pumps? Are the equipment located symmetrically such as column and reboilers? Is there enough space around columns, towers and reactors for removal of internals? Is there enough space to remove tube bundle of heat exchangers? Are the equipments arranged considering safety aspects especially for Fired heaters, Compressors and Tanks?

3D-Model Review Some of the Critical points to be considered in 3D-model review are: Is piping arranged to provide straight run requirement such as inlet of tower? Are CV sets placed as per Project requirements such as closeness to equipment, at high or low level, etc., if any? Are symmetrical piping considered for AFCs? Are the valves located at operable location from the nearest platform or grade? Is piping arranged to keep special bending radius requirements, if any?


Review of DCS Graphics
Review of Control logics as per Control & Safeguarding narratives
Mid & Downstream Business Training Module STAGE 2 (Continued):
Updation of Control & Safeguarding narratives and issue for HAZOP Study Updation of Utility summary Updation of Line list
Safety Studies / Analysis Updation of P&IDs based on Safety Studies recommendation Preparation of Precommisioning manual Preparation of Operating manual
Safety Studies / Analysis
HAZOP Study SIL Study FIREPRAN Study

HAZOP Study
HAZard and OPerability study is a technique to examine a system, part by part, in a very systematic manner, to find out the cause and consequence of every conceivable deviation in the normal operation of the system as well as during emergencies, start-ups and shutdowns. The method enables prediction of all possible ways in which a hazard or an operating problem could arise, whether the design takes preventive care of them and if not,
recommends changes (Action) as may be necessary.

SIL
Measurement of confidence level for performance of safety
function is called the Safety Integrity Level(SIL)

Safety integrity of a system can be defined as
The probability (likelihood) of a safety-related system performing the required safety function under all the stated conditions within a stated period of time
SIL is a measure of the reliability of the safety function
performing to specification.
The SIL is based on the accepted risk level and ranges from 1
to 4
Safety Integrity Level (SIL) 4 3 2 1 Probability of Failure Mode of Operation On demand Mode of Operation continuous (average probability of failure to perform (probability of dangerous failure per its design function upon demand) hour) -5 -4 > 10 to < 10 > 10-9 to < 10-8 > 10-4 to < 10-3 > 10-8 to < 10-7 > 10-3 to < 10-2 > 10-7 to < 10-6 > 10-2 to < 10-1 > 10-6 to < 10-7

FIREPRAN study
FIRE PRotection & ANalysis is a new technique employed at the design phase of a facility or installation to achieve the following objectives
Overview the role of the facility and its significance to the overall operation. Review the facilitys Fire and Explosion Strategy (FES) in the context of the role of the facility and its significance to the overall company. Analyze threats to loss of containment or other potential sources of combustion events. Assess release event consequences and explosion scenarios Review and assess adequacy of threat control measures, mitigation and recovery measures. Make recommendation for risk reduction measures to achieve levels as low as reasonably practicable (ALARP).

Example for Firepran Study
Column middle cut pool fire and isopleths is analyzed as shown below in case of possible explosion due to oil leakage above its Auto Ignition Temperature.
Heat Flux kW/m2 Sufficient to cause pin to personnel if unable to reach cover within 20 seconds. No damage Effects on Human Effects on Property
12.5
This level of radiation will cause a 30% chance of fatality for a prolonged exposure.
Minimum energy required for piloted ignition of wood, melting of plastic tubing Failure of steel structures within 30 minutes
37.5
Sufficient to cause damage to process equipment. Exposure to this level of radiation is assumed to give rise to a 100% chance of fatality
Mid & Downstream Business Training Module Critical Area identification
Area in red needs to be given extensive consideration for fire protection systems

STAGE 3 (Continued):
Updation of P&IDs based on Safety Studies recommendation
Preparation of Precommisioning manual Preparation of Operating manual

Mid & Downstream Business Training Module

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HYDROCARBON PROCESSING AN OVERVIEW