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BIOSISTEM PERAIRAN
Outline:
NATURAL SYSTEM OCEAN DEFINITION OCEAN STATUS OF THE WORLD OCEAN FUNCTION FOR LIFE ZONES OF THE WATER COLUMN FEATURES OF THE OCEAN FLOOR OCEAN COMMUNITIES
NATURAL ECOSYSTEM
Community
Fish species Habitat External forces (e.g. climate change) Aquatic environment
The structure of natural sub-system: fish sp interact with ecosystem, & in turn with biophysical environment. External forces impact on entire system (Charles, 2001)
INTEREST OF FISHERIES
Fished species Others: -Echinoderms, -Elasmobranchs, -Porifera,
Fish
Shellfish
Pelagic
Demersal
Crustaceans
Molluscs
Ocean (Merriam-Webster):
1. a : the whole body of salt water that covers nearly three fourths of the surface of the earth b : any of the large bodies of water (as the Atlantic Ocean) into which the great ocean is divided 2.: a very large or unlimited space or quantity
Water Body Atlantic Pacific Indian Artic Sea Mediterr. Others Gulf of Mexico Caspian Sea Lake Superior
Vol % Vol of World (x 106 Ocean Km3) 323.6 23.6 707.6 51.6 291.0 9.41 4.2 2.4 0.077 0.13 0..12 21.2 1.2
Mean Depth 3,926 4,282 3,936 991 1,429 180 813 149
Our life does not run without ocean. Weather and climate
Fishery Shipping
Ecosystems
Upwelling
The Winds
All the major surface currents in the oceans are created by the drag of the wind on the surface water. The winds, in turn, are created because the earths surface is heated unevenly by the sun, making the tropical regions warm and the polar regions cold. (Mann & Lazier 1996, p.242)
Upwelling
Upwelling occurs when surface water is swept by the wind away from the coast and this is replaced by deeper water rising to the surface close to shore Localized settings, seabed topography may deflect bottom currents towards the surface.
Upwelling and sinking ocean currents are driven by offshore and onshore winds.
Upwelling area
Pelagic
Intertidal Abyssal
Benthic
Low Tide
Pelagic Zone
BENTHIC
PELAGIC
The Abyss
A very hostile environment
Increasing Cold Increasing Pressure
BENTHIC
PELAGIC
Intertidal Benthic
Coral Reef
Hydrothermal vent
Hydrothermal Vents
In 1977, the submersible Alvin found seafloor vents that were gushing hot mineral-rich water in the midnight depths of the ocean. Cold sea water seeps into cracks in the Earths crust and is superheated by the magma in the mantle. The hot water with dissolved minerals from the magma rises and spews out like an undersea geyser .
Cold water and chemical reactions cause mineral deposits to settle out as vent chimneys. Fantastic communities of organisms that live by chemosynthesis thrive around these black smokers, using energy from chemical reactions with minerals in the water to live.
OCEAN ZONES
ZONES OF THE WATER COLUMN OCEAN COMMUNITIES
What do you think the ocean floor looks like? Is it flat? Saucer-shaped? Mountainous?
The same mountains, valleys, plains, trenches, and pits we see on land are also on the ocean floor.
The tallest mountains, the deepest valleys, and the flattest plains on earth are all on the ocean floor!
Ocean ridges form a mountain chain 40,000 miles long through all the oceans
Trenches form where tectonic plates (chunks of the Earths crust) are forced under another plate. The Mariana Trench in the western Pacific is the deepest point on Earth 36,198 ft. (11,033 m.)
OCEAN ZONES
ZONES OF THE WATER COLUMN FEATURES OF THE OCEAN FLOOR
OCEAN COMMUNITIES
Ocean Biomes
Can be divided by zones: intertidal, pelagic, and abyssal. Benthic organisms are the bottom dwellers in each zone. Each zone requires different adaptations for survival. Organisms are specialized to live in a particular zone. Like in land biomes, similar types of flora and fauna live in similar types of biomes across the world oceans.
Pelagic
Intertidal
Abyssal
Benthic
For Help:
AMSTI-GLOBE www.amsti.org/globe Judy Reeves
AMSTI-GLOBE Resource Specialist judy@amsti.org
Robin Nelson
AMSTI-GLOBE Administrator robin@amsti.org
Jerry Cobbs
AMSTI-GLOBE Technology Specialist jerry@amsti.org