Fundamentals of Networking (Topic 1)

Textbook: Networking Basics, CCNA 1 Companion Guide, Cisco Press Cisco Networking Academy Program, CCNA 1 and 2, Companion Guide, Cisco Press, Latest Edition

CIM 2465 Fundamentals of Networking

Common Networking Icons

CIM 2465 Fundamentals of Networking

Networks
A network is a set of devices (nodes) connected by media links. A node can be a computer, printer, or any other device capable of sending and/or receiving data generated by other nodes on the network. The links connecting the devices are often called communication channels. E.g. two PCs connected with a cable, the Internet
CIM 2465 Fundamentals of Networking 3

Requirements for Internet Connection

Physical connection
Network Interface Card (NIC) Cable? Wireless

Logical connection
A logical connection uses standards call protocols A protocol is a set of rules and conventions that govern how devices on a network communicate Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) is a key protocol used in the Internet

Applications
E.g. Web Browsers
CIM 2465 Fundamentals of Networking 4

CIM 2465 Fundamentals of Networking

PC Basics
Transistor, Integrated circuit (IC), Resistor, Capacitor, CPU, memory etc. Motherboard, Power Supply, Hard disk, CDROM, Video Card, Sound Card, etc. Serial Port, USB Port, Parallel Port Modem
A modem is an electronic device that is used for data communications through telephone lines

Network Interface Card (NIC)

An expansion board that provides a network communication connection to and from a PC. Build in circuit 10 Mbps, 100 Mbps, 1000 Mbps Media Access Control (MAC) address
CIM 2465 Fundamentals of Networking 6

CIM 2465 Fundamentals of Networking

Binary Representation of Data

Computers can only understand and use data that is in binary (two-state, on/off, 0/1) format Each binary digit is called a bit Each grouping of eight bits is called a byte Kilo (1024), Mega (1024*1024), Giga, Tera American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) is the most commonly used code for representing alphanumeric data in a computer. E.g. 65 is A, 66 is B
CIM 2465 Fundamentals of Networking 8

Base 10 Number System

Symbols: 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 Base Exponent Place Value e.g. 2134

103 1000 2*103

102 100 1*102

101 10 3*101

100 1 4*100

2134 (decimal) = 2*103 + 1*102 + 3*101 + 4*100

CIM 2465 Fundamentals of Networking 9

Base 2 Number System

Symbols: 0,1
Base Exp Place Value e.g. 10110

27

26

25 32 0

24 16 1

23 8 0

22 4 1

21 2 1

20 1 0

128 64 0 0

10110 (binary) = 1*24 + 1*22 + 1*21 = 22 (decimal)

CIM 2465 Fundamentals of Networking 10

Base 16 Number System

Symbols: 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F Base Exponent Place Value e.g. 0A08

163 4096 0*163

162 256 10*162

161 16 0*161

160 1 8*160

0A08 (hex) = 0*163 + 10*162 + 0*161 + 8*160 = 2568 (decimal)

CIM 2465 Fundamentals of Networking 11

Converting Decimal Numbers to Binary Numbers

CIM 2465 Fundamentals of Networking

12

Converting Binary Numbers to Decimal Numbers

CIM 2465 Fundamentals of Networking

13

Converting Decimal to Hexadecimal

CIM 2465 Fundamentals of Networking

14

Converting Hexadecimal to Decimal

CIM 2465 Fundamentals of Networking

15

Converting Binary to Hexadecimal

Binary -> Decimal -> Hexadecimal Short Cut: 4 bits -> 1 Hexadecimal digit

CIM 2465 Fundamentals of Networking

16

Basic Logic Operations

0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 AND 0 0 0 1 NOT 1 0
CIM 2465 Fundamentals of Networking 17

OR 0 1 1 1

XOR 0 1 1 0

0 1

Types of Networks
Local Area Network (LAN)
LAN is usually privately owned and links the devices in a single office, building, or campus Designed to allow resources to be shared

Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

Designed to extend over an entire city May involve service provided by public companies, e.g. local telephone company

Wide Area Network (WAN)

Provides long-distance transmission of data over large geographical areas

Virtual Private Network (VPN), Intranet etc.

CIM 2465 Fundamentals of Networking 18

Local Area Network (LAN)

Designed to
Operate within a limited geographic area Allow many users to access high-bandwidth media Provide full-time connectivity to local services Connect physically adjacent devices

Some common LAN technologies

Ethernet Token Ring FDDI
CIM 2465 Fundamentals of Networking 19

CIM 2465 Fundamentals of Networking

20

Wide Area Network (WAN)

Designed to
Operate over large, geographically separated areas Allow users to engage in real-time communication with other users Provide full-time remote resources connected to local services Provide e-mail, WWW, file transfer, e-commerce services

Some common WAN technologies

Modems, ISDN, DSL, Frame Relay T1 or E1 leased lines
CIM 2465 Fundamentals of Networking 21

Virtual Private Network (VPN)

A VPN is a private network that is constructed within a public network infrastructure (e.g. Internet) Provides a secure tunnel

CIM 2465 Fundamentals of Networking

22

Bandwidth
The amount of information that can flow through a network connection in a given period of time. Analogy: the width of a pipe, the number of lanes on a highway Measurement: bps Why important
Bandwidth is finite Bandwidth is not free Bandwidth is a key factor in analyzing network performance and designing new networks Demand for bandwidth is ever-increasing
CIM 2465 Fundamentals of Networking 23

Throughput
Bandwidth of a LAN is usually 100Mbps, can you transfer file at that rate? Throughput refers to actual measured bandwidth Factors
Client, Server, Other users, Routing, Topology, Type of data, Time of day

CIM 2465 Fundamentals of Networking

24

Network Protocols (1)

Protocol suites are collections of protocols that enable network communication from one host through the network to another host A protocol is a formal description of a set of rules and conventions that govern a particular aspect of how devices on a network communicate. It determines the format, timing, sequencing, and error control

CIM 2465 Fundamentals of Networking

25

Network Protocols (2)

Protocols are created and maintained by many Standards organizations and committees
Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA) International Telecommunications Union (ITU) International Organization of Standardization (ISO)

CIM 2465 Fundamentals of Networking

26

Networking Models
Conceptual Model
helps you understand the action that occurs during communication from one computer to another

Network communications is a very complex process, difficult to understand it as a whole, so break it down into a series of layers Each layer is responsible for a specific part of network communication Layers interact with the layer above and below them only Two common models
Open System Interconnection (OSI) reference model TCP/IP reference model
CIM 2465 Fundamentals of Networking 27

OSI Model (1)

Released in 1984, by ISO Provides vendors with a set of standards that ensure greater compatibility and interoperability among various types of network technologies Defines the network functions that occur at each layer Acts as a framework for understanding the network
CIM 2465 Fundamentals of Networking 28

OSI Model (2)

7 layers
7: Application layer 6: Presentation layer 5: Session layer 4: Transport layer 3: Network layer 2: Data link layer 1: Physical layer

Layer 5,6,7 are concerned with application issues Layer 4,3,2,1 are concerned with data-transport issues
CIM 2465 Fundamentals of Networking 29

OSI Model (3)

Advantages of layering
Standardizes network components to allow multiple-vendor development and support Allows different types of network hardware and software to communicate Prevents changes in one layer from affecting the other layers Breaks into smaller components to make learning easier
CIM 2465 Fundamentals of Networking 30

Layer 7: Application Layer

Closest to the user Provides network services to the users applications E.g. telnet, http

CIM 2465 Fundamentals of Networking

31

Layer 6: Presentation Layer

Ensures that the information that the application layer of one system sends out can be read by the application layer of another system Provides services to layer 7 Translates (if need) among multiple data formats by using a common format Encryption and Decryption E.g. layer 6 formats: TIFF, JPEG, MIDI, MPEG

CIM 2465 Fundamentals of Networking

32

Layer 5: Session Layer

Establishes, manages, and terminates sessions between two communicating hosts Synchronizes dialogue between the two hosts presentation layers and manages their data exchange Provides services to layer 6

CIM 2465 Fundamentals of Networking

33

Layer 4: Transport Layer

Segments data from the sending hosts system and reassembles it into data stream on the receiving hosts system Provides a data-transport service which handles issues like
Reliability of transport Establishment, maintenance, and proper termination of Virtual circuits

Transport error detection, recovery, Information flow control Provides services to layer 5 E.g. Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), User Datagram Protocol (UDP), Sequenced Packet Exchange (SPX)
CIM 2465 Fundamentals of Networking 34

Layer 3: Network Layer

Provides connectivity and path selection (routing) between two host systems that might be on separated networks Concerned with logical addressing Provides services to layer 4 E.g. Internet Protocol (IP), Internetwork Packet Exchange (IPX)
CIM 2465 Fundamentals of Networking 35

Layer 2: Data Link Layer

Provides reliable transit of data across a physical link Concerned with physical address, network topology, network access, error notification, ordered delivery of frames, and flow control Provides services to layer 3 E.g. protocols include Ethernet, Token Ring, ISDN, PPP, and Frame Relay
CIM 2465 Fundamentals of Networking 36

Layer 1: Physical Layer

Defines the electrical, mechanical, procedural, and functional specifications for activating, maintaining, and deactivating the physical link between end systems E.g. voltage levels, timing of signal, physical data rates, physical connectors, etc.
CIM 2465 Fundamentals of Networking 37

Peer-to-Peer Communications
Each layer of the OSI model at the source must communicate with its peer layer at the destination The protocols at each layer exchange information, called protocol data units (PDU), between peer layers Layer 4 (Segments) Layer 3 (Packets) Layer 2 (Frames) Layer 1 (Bits)
CIM 2465 Fundamentals of Networking 38

Encapsulation

CIM 2465 Fundamentals of Networking

39

De-Encapsulation

CIM 2465 Fundamentals of Networking

40

Networking Devices (1)

Network Interface Card (NIC)
Each carries a unique code, Media Access Control (MAC) address

Repeaters
To regenerate and retime network signals, allowing them to travel a longer distance on the medium Work at Layer 1, physical layer, of the OSI reference Model

Hubs
To regenerate and retime signals, a common connection point for devices in a network Connect segments of a LAN No filtering, no switching, no routing Work at Layer 1
CIM 2465 Fundamentals of Networking 41

CIM 2465 Fundamentals of Networking

42

CIM 2465 Fundamentals of Networking

43

Networking Devices (2)

Bridges
A Layer 2 device designed to create two or more LAN segments, each of which is a separate collision domain To filter traffic on a LAN to keep local traffic local (using MAC address) yet allow connectivity to other segments More intelligent than hubs, with filtering capability Create more collision domains, allowing more than one device to transmit simultaneously without causing a collision Maintain MAC address tables (bridge tables) Broadcast: to all segments, i.e. one broadcast domain
CIM 2465 Fundamentals of Networking 44

CIM 2465 Fundamentals of Networking

45

Networking Devices (3)

Layer 2 Switches
Like bridges, switches connect LAN segments, use a table of MAC addresses to determine the on which a frame needs to be transmitted, and reduce traffic Operate at much higher speeds than bridges (performed in hardware) Consider each switch port is a microbridge, and gives each host the mediums full bandwidth (microsegmentation) Broadcast: to all segments, i.e. one broadcast domain
CIM 2465 Fundamentals of Networking 46

Switch

CIM 2465 Fundamentals of Networking

47

Networking Devices (4)

Routers
Internetworking device that passes data packets between networks based on Layer 3 addresses Make decisions regarding the best path for delivery of data (based on network addresses)
Examine incoming packets (Layer 3 data) Choose the best path Switch them to the proper outgoing port
CIM 2465 Fundamentals of Networking 48

Networking Devices (4)

Voice gateway
For handling packetized voice and data traffic

Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexers (DSLAMs)

Used at the service providers central office for concentrating DSL modem connections from homes

Cable Modem Wireless Access Point Many more

CIM 2465 Fundamentals of Networking 49

Network Topologies (1)

A network topology defines how computers, printers, network devices, and other devices are connected Describes the layout of the wire and devices and the paths used by data transmissions Physical Topology
Refers to the physical layout of the devices and media Bus, Ring, Star, Extended Star, Hierarchical, Mesh

Logical Topology
Defines how the medium is accessed by the hosts sending data Broadcast, Token passing CIM 2465 Fundamentals of
Networking

50

CIM 2465 Fundamentals of Networking

51

Network Topologies (2)

Bus
Connects all the devices using a single cable Main cable segment must end with a terminator Adv? Disadv?

CIM 2465 Fundamentals of Networking

52

Network Topologies (3)

Star
Made up of a central connection point that is a device such as hub, switch, or router, where all the cabling segments meet. Each host in the network is connected to the central device with its own cable Commonly used in Ethernet LANs Adv? Disadv?
CIM 2465 Fundamentals of Networking 53

Network Topologies (4)

Ring
Hosts are connected in a circle Data frame travels around the ring, stopping at each node. If a node wants to transmit data, it adds data and the destination address to it. The frame then continues around the ring until it reaches the destination node, which takes the data out. Adv: no collision Single Ring (one direction) Vs Dual Ring (both directions, fault tolerance) Usually logical in ring but physical in star
CIM 2465 Fundamentals of Networking 54

CIM 2465 Fundamentals of Networking

55

Network Topologies (5)

Full-Mesh and Partial-Mesh
Full-mesh topology connects all devices to each other for redundancy and fault tolerance Adv? Disadv?

CIM 2465 Fundamentals of Networking

56

Network Topologies (6)

Logical Topology
How the hosts communicate across the medium Broadcast
Data frame is broadcasted to all hosts No order that the stations must follow to use the network Collision?

Token ring
Control network access by passing an electronic token sequentially to each host The host gets an empty token has the right to send data

CIM 2465 Fundamentals of Networking

57