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Mamlouk/Zaniewski, Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, Third Edition. Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Introduction
Wood is the earliest construction material used by mankind. easy to use durable high strength low weight widely available low cost Still very widely used today for: building frames bridges utility poles floors roofs trusses piles, etc.
Mamlouk/Zaniewski, Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, Third Edition. Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Classification of Trees
Endogenous (intertwined growth): e.g., palm trees very strong and lightweight not generally used for engineering applications in U.S. Exogenous (outward growth): e.g., most other trees Fibers grow from the center outward by adding concentric layers (annual rings) which gives more predictable engineering properties. Deciduous (broad leaf) = hardwood (ash, oak, maple, walnut, etc.) expensive slow growing Coniferous (cone bearing, evergreens) = softwood (Douglas fir, pine, spruce, cedar, etc.)
Mamlouk/Zaniewski, Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, Third Edition. Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Mamlouk/Zaniewski, Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, Third Edition. Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Mamlouk/Zaniewski, Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, Third Edition. Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Wood is Anisotropic
Longitudinal
Radial
perpendicular to the growth rings (out from center)
Tangential
tangent to the growth rings weakest and most shrinkage
Mamlouk/Zaniewski, Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, Third Edition. Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
FSP = 21-32% Above FSP changes affect only wet weight Below FSP small changes strongly affect all physical and mechanical properties
Mamlouk/Zaniewski, Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, Third Edition. Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Shrinkage
largest shrinkage is in the tangential direction smallest shrinkage is in the longitudinal direction zero shrinkage above FSP regardless of direction For glulam (varying growth ring orientations) assume 6% shrinkage in 30% change in m/c below
FSP (or 1% shrinkage per 5% change in m/c)
Mamlouk/Zaniewski, Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, Third Edition. Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Mamlouk/Zaniewski, Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, Third Edition. Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Mamlouk/Zaniewski, Materials for Civil and Chapter 10: Wood Construction Engineers, Third Edition. Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Step 1. Harvesting
minimal sap concerns of fire hazard other plant growth and underbrush is minimal
Mamlouk/Zaniewski, Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, Third Edition. Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Step 2. Sawing
Live (plain) sawing most rapid and economic Quarter sawing maximum amount of prime (vertical) cuts Combination most typical
Quarter Sawing
Combination
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Mamlouk/Zaniewski, Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, Third Edition. Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Three types of board cut Flat-sawn (grain is <45o from flat side) worst quality, most problems and defects Rift-sawn (45o-80o) Quarter-sawn (vertical- or edge-sawn) (80o-90o) best quality, least shrinkage problems
Flat-Sawn
Rift-Sawn
Quarter-Sawn
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Mamlouk/Zaniewski, Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, Third Edition. Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Mamlouk/Zaniewski, Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, Third Edition. Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Mamlouk/Zaniewski, Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, Third Edition. Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Shakes wood separations between annual rings Wane bark or other soft wood left on the edge of the board Sap Streak colored streak of sap accumulated in wood fibers Reaction Wood extra dense woody tissue that can cause warping and cracking Pitch pockets opening between annual rings that contain resin Bark Pockets small patches of bark embedded in the wood Checks ruptures along the grain from drying
Mamlouk/Zaniewski, Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, Third Edition. Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Splits lengthwise separations caused by mishandling or seasoning Warping (several types) from uneven drying of internal tree stress Bowing lengthwise curvature from end to end Crooking lengthwise curvature from side to side Cupping edges roll up Twisting one corner lifts Raised, Loosened, or Fuzzy Grain Chipped or Torn Grain Machine Burn from worn saw blades
Mamlouk/Zaniewski, Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, Third Edition. Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Mamlouk/Zaniewski, Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, Third Edition. Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
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2. Thermal Properties Thermal conductivity The rate that heat flows through (inverse of thermal resistance R value) Good R value (R = 1 / conductivity) much better than metals slightly worse than insulation reduces loss of heat and cold delays fire Specific Heat Ratio of the quantity of heat required to raise the temp. of the material 1o to that required to raise the temp. of an equal mass of water 1o
Mamlouk/Zaniewski, Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, Third Edition. Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Thermal Diffusivity Rate that material absorbs heat from surroundings Much better (lower) than most other building materials Thermal Expansion Anisotropic: 5-10x greater across grain than parallel to it Applying heat to wood: first expands the wood from thermal expansion then it shrinks from moisture loss (when below FSP) 3. Electrical Properties Good electrical insulator which decreases with moisture content more water is a better electrical conductor
Mamlouk/Zaniewski, Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, Third Edition. Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Wood is extremely anisotropic 1. Modulus of Elasticity 1-2 x 106 psi for compression parallel to the grain linear up to proportional limit, then small non-linear curve Depends on: species variation moisture content specific gravity direction of grain
Mamlouk/Zaniewski, Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, Third Edition. Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
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2. Strength Properties Vary widely because of anisotropy, moisture content, defects, etc. Tensile strength is greater than compressive strength Tensile strength parallel to grain is 20x greater than perpendicular
Mamlouk/Zaniewski, Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, Third Edition. Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
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3. Load Duration Wood can support higher loads of short duration than sustained loads Under sustained loads wood continues to deform Design values assume 10 year loading and/or 90% of full maximum load throughout life of the structure Multiply design values by load duration factors for shortduration loads
Load Duration Factors
Mamlouk/Zaniewski, Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, Third Edition. Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
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4. Damping Capacity Vibration damping (like shock absorbers) increases with moisture content up to FSP 10x greater damping than structural metals wood structures dampen vibrations much better than metal
Mamlouk/Zaniewski, Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, Third Edition. Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
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strength of wood structures is usually controlled by the joints and connections, which is the main concern of structural wood design classes we have lots of experience with smaller structures (residential, light commercial) so design is usually empirical
Mamlouk/Zaniewski, Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, Third Edition. Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Testing of structural-size members is more important more applicable to design values Tests include flexure, compression, tension, etc. Flexure test is more commonly used than the other tests Two-point, third-point, or center-point loading
Mamlouk/Zaniewski, Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, Third Edition. Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Bending
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Mamlouk/Zaniewski, Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, Third Edition. Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Mamlouk/Zaniewski, Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, Third Edition. Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Mamlouk/Zaniewski, Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, Third Edition. Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Plywood thin sheets (plies) glued together with the grain at right angles to each other so it has the same properties in both directions veneer is peeled from a soaked log on a giant lathe
Mamlouk/Zaniewski, Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, Third Edition. Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Mamlouk/Zaniewski, Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, Third Edition. Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Floor joists made with two 2x4s or 2x6s as flanges and an OSB web
Mamlouk/Zaniewski, Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, Third Edition. Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
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