IPv6

Internet Protocol Version 6

Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6)

IPv6 solutions to IPv4 disadvantages IPv6 addressing IPv6 header DNS support for IPv6 Core protocols of IPv6 IPv6 Neighbor Discovery Differences between IPv4 and IPv6

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Disadvantages of IPv4
Limited address space Flat routing infrastructure Configuration Security Quality of service (QoS) Mobility

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IPv6 Solutions to IPv4 Disadvantages

Huge address space Hierarchical routing infrastructure Automatic configuration Built-in security Better support for QoS Built-in mobility

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Larger Address Space

IPv4
32 bits or 4 bytes long ~ 4,200,000,000 possible addressable nodes =

IPv6
128 bits or 16 bytes: four times the bits of IPv4 ~ 3.4 * 1038 possible addressable nodes = ~ 340,282,366,920,938,463,374,607,432,768,211,456 = ~ 5 * 1028 addresses per person =

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IPv6 Adressing
2128 6.5 Billion
6.5 Billion people on earth

! 52 Trillion Trillion
IPv6 addresses per person

52 Trillion Trillion ! 523 Quadrillion (523 thousand Trillion) 100 Billion Typical braincell has ~100 Billion cells (your count may vary)

IPv6 addresses for every human brain cell on the planet

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Larger Address Space Enables Address Aggregation

Aggregation of prefixes announced in the global routing table Efficient and scalable routing Improved bandwidth and functionality for user traffic
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The IPv6 Address Space

128-bit address space 128 bits were chosen to allow multiple levels of hierarchy and flexibility in designing hierarchical addressing and routing Global unicast and anycast addresses are defined by a global routing prefix, a subnet ID, and an interface ID

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IPv6 Address Representation

x:x:x:x:x:x:x:x, where x is a 16-bit hexadecimal field Leading zeros in a field are optional: 2031:0:130F:0:0:9C0:876A:130B Successive fields of 0 can be represented as ::, but only once per address.
Examples: 2031:0000:130F:0000:0000:09C0:876A:130B 2031:0:130f::9c0:876a:130b FF01:0:0:0:0:0:0:1 >>> FF01::1 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1 >>> ::1 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 >>> ::
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Compressing Zeros
Some IPv6 addresses contain long sequences of zeros A single contiguous sequence of 16-bit blocks set to 0 can be compressed to :: (double-colon) Examples: FE80:0:0:0:2AA:FF:FE5F:47D1 becomes FE80::2AA:FF:FE5F:47D1 FEC0:0:0:41CD:2AA:FF:FE5F:47D1 becomes FEC0::41CD:2AA:FF:FE5F:47D1 FF02:0:0:0:0:0:0:1 (a multicast address) becomes FF02::1

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IPv6 Prefixes
Prefix is the part of the address where the bits have fixed values or are the bits of a route or subnet identifier IPv6 subnets or routes always uses address/prefixlength notation CIDR notation Examples: 3FFE:FFFF:2A:41CD::/64 is a subnet identifier 3FFE:FFFF:2A::/48 is a route FF::/8 is an address range

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Types of IPv6 Addresses

Unicast Address of a single interface One-to-one delivery to single interface Multicast Address of a set of interfaces One-to-many delivery to all interfaces in the set Anycast Address of a set of interfaces One-to-one-of-many delivery to a single interface in the set that is closest No more broadcast addresses

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Unicast IPv6 Addresses

Global addresses Used on IPv6 Internet Equivalent to IPv4 public addresses Local-Use Addresses Site-local addresses Equivalent to IPv4 private addresses Always begin with FEC0 Link-local addresses Equivalent to APIPA Global addresses Always begin with FE80

Site Local

Link Local

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IPv6 Interface Identifiers

Based on: Derived from the MAC address of the network adapter to which the address is assigned Randomly generated to provide IPv4-equivalent anonymity Assigned during a Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) connection Assigned during DHCP configuration

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IPv6 Interface identifier EUI-64

Cisco uses the extended universal identifier (EUI)-64 format to do stateless autoconfiguration. This format expands the 48bit MAC address to 64 bits by inserting FFFE into the middle 16 bits. To make sure that the chosen address is from a unique Ethernet MAC address, the universal/local (U/L bit) is set to 1 for global scope (0 for local scope). Mac address 48 bit 00 90 27 17 FC 0F
00 90 27 FF FE 00 90 27 FF FE 17 FC 0F U= 1 = Unique 0 = Not Unique 17 FC 0F 64 bit

000000U0

02 90 27 FF FE 17 FC 0F

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IPv6 Header
IPv4 Header
Version IHL Type of Service Total Length Version Flags Fragment Offset

IPv6 Header
Traffic Class Flow Label

Identification Time to Live Protocol

Header Checksum

Payload Length

Next Header

Hop Limit

Source Address Destination Address Options Padding

Source Address

Legend

Fields Name Kept from IPv4 to IPv6 Fields Not Kept in IPv6 Name and Position Changed in IPv6 New Field in IPv6

Destination Address

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IPv6 Extension Header types

Routing Header Fragmentation Header Hop-by-Hop Options Header Destinations Options Header Authentication Header Encrypted Security Payload Header

Ethernet header

IPv6 header

Routing header

Frag header

Auth header

ESP header

TCP header

Application data

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DNS Support for IPv6

AAAA resource records for name-to-address resolutions PRT resource records in the IP6.ARPA reverse domain for address-to-name resolutions

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Core Protocols of IPv6

IPv6 Replacement for IPv4 ICMPv6 Replacement for ICMP for IPv4 Neighbor Discovery Replacement for ARP, Redirect, and Router Discovery for IPv4 Multicast Listener Discovery Replacement for IGMPv2 for IPv4

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IPv6 Neighbor Discovery

Messages Neighbor Solicitation Neighbor Advertisement Router Solicitation Router Advertisement Redirect Processes Address resolution Duplicate address detection Router discovery Redirect Neighbor unreachability detection
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Stateless Autoconfiguration

A router sends network information to all the nodes on the local link. A host can autoconfigure itself by appending its IPv6 interface identifier (64-bit format) to the local link prefix (64 bits). The result is a full 128-bit address that is usable and guaranteed to be globally unique.
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A Standard Stateless Autoconfiguration

Stage 1: The PC sends a router solicitation to request a prefix for stateless autoconfiguration.
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A Standard Stateless Autoconfiguration (Cont.)

Stage 2: The router replies with a router advertisement.

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Differences Between IPv4 and IPv6

Feature
Address length Header size IPSec support QoS support Fragmentation Checksum in header Options in header Link-layer address resolution Multicast membership Router Discovery Uses broadcasts? Configuration DNS name queries

IPv4
32 bits 20-60 bytes Optional Some Hosts and routers Yes Yes ARP (broadcast) IGMP Optional Yes Manual, DHCP Uses A records

IPv6
128 bits 40 bytes Required Better Hosts only No No Multicast Neighbor Discovery Messages Multicast Listener Discovery (MLD) Required No Automatic, DHCP Uses AAAA records 24

DNS reverse queries Uses Uses IP6.ARPA 24/24 Groep T Leuven Information departmentIN-ADDR.ARPA- Information management 2003-2004